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Body Logistics > Session 4- The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Session 4- The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Keeps blood volume levels where they should be
  • Keeps blood pressure high enough
  • Fight off infection
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2
Q

What are the 5 major components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Vessels
  • Nodes
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
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3
Q

Lymph is rich in _____________ and _________ compared to water

A

Protein

Cells

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4
Q

Lymph does not contain ______________ as they __________________________________________________.

A

Red blood cells

Are too large to pass though capillary membranes

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5
Q

The lymphatic system functions to ____________ fluid and ____________/___________ lymph as it flows through it.

A

Reabsorb

Monitor/Cleanse

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6
Q

Transfer of waste and nutrients occurs at the _______________ due to the high pressure at the ____________ end which causes plasma to be forced out into ____________.

A

Capillary bed
Arteriole
Interstitial fluid

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7
Q

At the capillary bed, plasma is drawn back into the circulatory system at the __________ end due to high _________ pressure.

A

Venule

Osmotic

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8
Q

How much plasma is forced through the arteriole end of the capillary bed each day? How much of this is taken up at the venular end?

A

20L is forced through

17L is taken up

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9
Q

What happens to the other 3L of plasma that is not taken up at the venular end of the capillary bed?

A

It enters the lymphatic system as lymph and is later returned to the blood to maintain BP.

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10
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are all over the body, but at notably absent from which locations?

A

Bones
Bone marrow
Teeth
CNS

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11
Q

If the CNS does not have lymphatic capillaries, where does the excess fluid drain into?

A

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are made up of what kind of cells?

How are they arranged and why?

A

Endothelial cells
Loosely overlap with each other
To form flap-like mini valves

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13
Q

What features (of the vessels themselves and in the body in general) enables lymphatic vessels to operate at low pressures? Which of these is most important?

A 
Valves
Smooth Muscle in the vessel walls
SKELETAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT***
Pressure changes in the thorax due to breathing (Negative pressure when breathing in) 
Pulsation of adjacent arteries
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14
Q

Capillaries—–> Larger lymphatic vessels——> Larger trunks——> ?? & ??

A

Right lymphatic duct

Left lymphatic duct

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15
Q

From the RIGHT lymphatic duct, lymph drains from where to which component of the circulatory system?

A

From the UPPER right torso, right arm and right side of head and throat
Into the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

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16
Q

Lymph entering the LEFT lymphatic duct drains from where and into which component of the circulatory system?

A

From the rest of the body that the right lymphatic duct does not take into account
Into the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

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17
Q

A blockage of the lymphatics can be caused by what?

A 
A tumour (lymphoma)
A worm
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18
Q

A blockage of the lymphatic system will lead to what?

A

Oedema

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19
Q

As a result of occlusion of the lymphatic system, oedema can occur which can lead to what as a result?
Occlusion–>Oedema–> _________–>__________–>___________
–>___________/__________

A

Reduced blood flow
Static Fluid
Infection
Cellulitis/Ulceration

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20
Q

Bacteria is able to enter the body by infiltrating some of the ___________, __________ connective tissue under the skin

A

Loose

Areolar

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21
Q

Once it has entered the tissue, bacteria is able to drain into the lymphatics as tissue is full of ___________ _________.

A

Interstitial fluid

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22
Q

True of false:

Infections are mostly localised to particular tissues and don’t usually enter the circulation

A

TRUE

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23
Q

There are approximately how many lymph nodes in the body?

A

700

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24
Q

How do lymph nodes prevent bacteria from entering the circulation?

A

By closely and regularly inspecting it using its resident lymphocytes and eliciting an appropriate immune response based on this

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25
Q

Lymph nodes contain which cells?

A 
T cells 
B cells 
Macrophages 
Neutrophils 
Follicular dendritic cells 
Reticular cells
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26
Q

What is the function on the reticular cells of the lymph nodes?

A

They make up the scaffolding network to provide support to all other cells in the lymphatic tissue.

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27
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature?

A

In the loose reticular connective tissue of the lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs

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28
Q

If a lymph node is overwhelmed by the invader, it may become ___________. This is often an indicator of what?

A

Inflamed

Infection/Disease

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29
Q

The medulla of the lymph node contains which lymphocyte type?

A

Both T cells and B cells

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30
Q

The outer cortex of the lymph nodes contains which lymphocytes?

A

Dividing B cells

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31
Q

Where within the lymph node would you find mostly T cells?

A

Deeper in the cortex

32
Q

The afferent vessel brings lymph into or away from he lymph node?

A

Into the lymph node

33
Q

Which vessel is responsible for taking lymph away from the lymph node?

A

The efferent vessel

34
Q

The afferent vessel enters via the ________ _________ of the lymph node.

A

Convex surface

35
Q

The efferent vessel leaves via the _________ of the lymph node.

A

Hilum

36
Q

In which parts of the lymph node does the lymph get to meet cells brought in by the circulatory system (via the feeding artery)?

A

In the germinal centres

37
Q

Where might you find nodular lymphatic tissue?

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Appendix

38
Q

Give an example of diffuse lymphatic tissue and how this can be subdivided into two further classes of diffuse lymphatic tissue.

A

Mucosa- Associated Lymphatic Tissues (MALTs) which can be divided into:
Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (GALT) and Bronchus-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (BALT)

39
Q

What specialist cells are present in the germinal centres? What is their specific function?

A

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
Function is to carry antigen that are held on their surface in antigen-antibody complexes. This is crucial for the selection of B cells.

40
Q

FDCs cause the proliferation of ____________ B cells.

A

Memory

41
Q

Which immune cells are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A

B cells

Macrophages

42
Q

What makes professional APCs different from other cells that are also able to present antigen?

A

They have special immunostimulatory receptors that allow for enhanced activation of T cells.

43
Q

The first immune response is known as the _______________ immune response.

A

Inflammatory

44
Q

The second immune response is know as the ___________ immune response.

A

Specific

45
Q

The inflammatory immune response is mediated by which cells?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

46
Q

The specific immune response can be broken down into which two types of response? What cells are involved in each?

A

-Humoral immune response:
B lymphocyte mediated, antibody production by plasma B cells (matured from B cells).

-Cell-mediated immune response:
T lymphocyte mediated, T cells needs B cells and macrophages to recognise antigen.

47
Q

Plasma (B) cells are fully differentiated B lymphocytes with what specific function?

A

To synthesise and secrete specific antibody in order to neutralise or destroy target antigen.

48
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is a part of the specific immune response. What is this type of immunity important in defence against?

A

Viral, fungal and mycobacterial infections

Tumour cells

49
Q

Which immune cells attack invaders OUTSIDE of cells?

A

B cells

Helper T cells

50
Q

Which immune cells attack invaders INSIDE of cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

51
Q

The majority of lymphocytes are derived from where and enter lymph nodes via what?

A

Derived from bone marrow and enter the lymph node via the feeding artery.

52
Q

The majority of lymphocytes leave lymph nodes via what?

A

The efferent lymphatic vessel

53
Q

What is the medical term for enlarged lymph nodes?

A

Lymphadenopathy

54
Q

As the lymph nodes fight infection, _____________________ fill with lymphocytes which causes lymph nodes to ___________. This can be painful.

A

Germinal centres

Swell

55
Q

Cancers can _____________ to lymph nodes via the _____________ lymphatic vessels.

A

Metastasise

Afferent

56
Q

What type of cancer often presents as lymphadenopathy?

A

Lymphoma

57
Q

Which is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

The spleen

58
Q

True or false: The spleen has a very rich blood supply.

A

True, very true

59
Q

The spleen filters _________ in the same way as lymph nodes filter ________.

A

Blood

Lymph

60
Q

The spleen has both ________ and _____________ functions.

A

Immune

Haemopoietic

61
Q

What are the immune functions of the spleen?

A
  • Antigen presentation
  • Activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes
  • Production of antibodies
  • Removal of macro molecular antigen form the blood by macrophages
62
Q

What are the haemopoietic functions of the spleen?

A
  • Removal and destruction of damaged and abnormal erythrocytes and platelets
  • Retrieval of iron from erythrocytes haemoglobin
63
Q

The spleen is relatively fragile. A ruptured spleen can easily lead to death through _________________.

A

Exsanguination

64
Q

Removal of the spleen is known as a what?

A

Splenectomy

65
Q

Following a splenectomy the _________ and _______________ can take over the destruction of _________________.

A

Liver
Bone marrow
Erythrocytes (RBCs)

66
Q

Removal of the spleen is detrimental to the ______________ system.

A

Immune

67
Q

Splenectomy leads to increased risk of infection from ______________ bacteria, for example _____________ and malaria. Patients therefore require lifelong _____________ prophylaxis.

A

Infection
Encapsulated
Meningococcus
Antibiotic

68
Q

Apart from infection, splenectomy also leads to increased risk of __________ and ____________. This is possibly due to increased _____________ count.

A

DVT
PE
Platelet

69
Q

The spleen may enlarge in response to systemic infection such as _________________, ________________ and ________________.

A

Glandular fever
Malaria
Septicaemia

70
Q

The medical term for an enlarged spleen is what?

A

Splenomegaly

71
Q

The thymus is located where anatomically?

A

Anterior superior mediastinum

72
Q

True or false: The thymus is fully formed and functional at birth.

A

True

73
Q

After puberty, what happens to the spleen?

A

It involutes (shrinks)

74
Q

By late teens the spleen is made up of mostly what?

A

Fat

75
Q

What is the role of the spleen?

A

Thymic education: Stem cells from the bone marrow mature into fully immunocompetent T cells.

76
Q

Under what circumstances might a thymectomy be carried out?

A

Thymic carcinoma

Myasthenia Gravis

Body Logistics (16 decks)

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