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Body Logistics > Session 11: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Session 11: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

How do body systems communicate with each other?

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

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2
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

Central Nervous System (Spinal cord and brain)

Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial and spinal)

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3
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

A

Somatic nervous system is responsible for motor and sensation
Autonomic nervous system is responsible for the “background” operations and is self-regulating

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4
Q

The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into what?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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5
Q

What are the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Sympathetic nervous system prepares for fight or flight (Stimulatory)
Parasympathetic nervous system prepares for rest or digest (Inhibitory)

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6
Q

Sympathetic nerve vessels innervate all vessels except what?

A

Capillaries and precapillary sphincters which follow local control

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7
Q

The sympathetic division of the nervous system prioritises blood vessels to what areas of the body in times of emergency?

A

Brain
Skeletal muscles
Heart

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8
Q

During times of emergency, the sympathetic division of the nervous system minimise blood from to where? How?

A

Skin and other organs (besides brain, skeletal muscle and heart)
Vasoconstrict these vessels to minimise bleeding if inury occurs

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9
Q

How does sympathetic tone relate to the action of the blood vessels?

A

The Sympathetic NS and the Parasympathetic NS usually work in balance, but in the blood vessels it is mainly sympathetic
The stronger the sympathetic tone the more smooth muscle contracts and the vessels vasoconstrict
The weaker the sympathetic tone, the more the smooth muscles relax and the vessels vasodilate

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10
Q

Venoconstriction _________ cardiac return

A

Increases

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11
Q

Give three examples of areas of the body that use neurocrine communication

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Adrenal medulla

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12
Q

What are the main endocrine glands/organs?

A 
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland 
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland 
Thymus 
Adrenal glands 
Pancreas 
Gonads
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13
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

In the superior mediastinum

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14
Q

Hormones control and regulate what?

A 
Reproduction
Metabolism and energy balance 
Growth and development 
Body defences 
General homeostasis and water, nutrient and electrolyte balance
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15
Q

At what point do the CNS and the endocrine system communicate?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

The hypothalamus is central to what?

A

Homeostasis

17
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

18
Q

The pituitary is divided into how many lobes?

What are they called?

A

Two
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

19
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis controls what?

A

Metabolic rate

20
Q

The hypothalamus releases what hormone?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

21
Q

What does TRH do?

A

Stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

22
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulates the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland

23
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On top of each kidney

24
Q

Adrenal glands are made up of an outer _______ __________ and an inner ________ ________

A

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

25
Q

What cells that secrete catecholamines can be found in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

26
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

27
Q

What are the short -term stress responses of catecholamines?

A 
Increased heart rate
Increased BP
Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases it into the blood 
Bronchioles dilate 
Increased metabolic rate
28
Q

What are the long-term responses of catecholamines?

A

Retention of sodium and water by the kidneys
Increased blood volume and blood pressure
Proteins and fates are converted into glucose or broken down for energy
Increased blood sugar
Suppression of the immune system

29
Q

What are the posterior pituitary hormones?

Where are they produced?

A

ADH and oxytocin

Hypothalamus

30
Q

How do ADH and oxytocin get to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus?

A

Travel down the neuronal axons and are secreted adjacent to the capillaries of the posterior pituitary

31
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

32
Q

What is melatonin involved in?

A

The control of circadian rhythmn

33
Q

What does melatonin inhibit the release of?

A

Gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)

34
Q

What happens to the pineal gland in early adulthood?

A

It calcifies and is therefore visible on x-rays

Body Logistics (16 decks)

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