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intro to neuroscience > session 7 > Flashcards

session 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system
sensory and motor responses, voluntary movements
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight, involuntary
organs work in sympathy with each other
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest

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3
Q

doral

A

back

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4
Q

ventral

A

stomach side

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5
Q

anterior

A

to the front

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6
Q

sagittal

A

from the side

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7
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies of neurons

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8
Q

white matter

A

the myelinated axon

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9
Q

medulla

A

vital reflexes

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10
Q

pons

A

where the neurons descend to the spinal cord and ascend to the cortex cross from one side to the other

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11
Q

thalamus

A

“grand central station”, sensory input, most viable parts

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12
Q

limbic system

A

“emotional center”, series of midbrain structures

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13
Q

amygdala

A

almond, involved with producing autonomic arousal and fear, if destroyed makes it impossible to respond to fear properly

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14
Q

hippocampus

A

vital for forming and storing long-term memories

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15
Q

olfactory bulb

A

input smell, vital component of learning and memory in animals, and involved in decision-making in humans

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16
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

emotional responses, sensory input+fear+memory= emotions?

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17
Q

hypothalamus

A

connects to the pituitary gland

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18
Q

basal ganglia

A

voluntary movement

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19
Q

nucleus accumbent

A

brains reward center, allows us to get addicted, positive reinforcement

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20
Q

substantia nigra

A

area related to Parkinson’s disease

21
Q

cortex

A

the outward part, layer draped over the brain

22
Q

gyri

A

ridges

23
Q

sulci

A

folds, inward space

24
Q

corpus callosum

A

left and right hemispheres, thick band of fibers

25
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

26
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory cortex, spatial reasoning

27
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex, memory, object recognition

28
Q

frontal lobe

A

the front half, language production, motor cortex, thinking and planning

29
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech production, near the part of the motor cortex controlling mouth and tongue movement

30
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

speech comprehension, near primary auditory cortex

31
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

people who struggled with speech saw their brain was morphed

32
Q

ablation

A

removing a piece of the brain to study resulting in behavioral changes

33
Q

lesion

A

destroying a small piece of the brain to study resulting behavior changes

34
Q

sham lesions

A

necessary to control for the trauma of the surgical procedure

35
Q

knockout animals

A

one in which a gene of interest is manipulated genetically

36
Q

(TMS) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

can briefly and non-invasively inactivate the region below the magnet, visual cortex can create blindside in normal patients

37
Q

Wada test

A

briefly “putting asleep” a part of a brain

38
Q

EEG

A

measures variations in electrical activity while subjects complete different tasks

39
Q

dendritic branching

A

where neurons form new dendritic “trees” to create new synapses, small normal response from experiences

40
Q

dendritic spines

A

a storage site for synaptic strength, animals show more when in an enriched environment, increase the number of receptor sites

41
Q

focal hand dystonia

A

(musicians cramp) results from branching in the part of the cortex controlling the fingers, too much branching has occurred

42
Q

plasticity

A

rewiring of your brain to do new things

43
Q

ischemia

A

blockage of vessel/artery preventing blood flow, minor or severe

44
Q

hemorrhage

A

burst vessel or artery flooding the brain with blood, almost always deadly, most deadly

45
Q

diaschisis

A

less activity in neurons surrounding the affected area, means “shocked throughout”, electrical stimulation or amphetamines helps recovery though this can be difficult and dangerous, ager strokes involves reorganization

46
Q

neuron regeneration

A

cant be completely regained but can slowly over time

47
Q

collateral sprouting

A

surviving neurons grow new axons to join with vacated neurons, which can help restore function when the neuron branches to a similar destination, with dramatic growth due to and injury

48
Q

phantom limbs

A

collateral sprouts can cause sensory perception problems in someone that doesn’t have that limb anymore, receiving sensory input from nearby area

intro to neuroscience (9 decks)

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