session 12

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Pavlov’s dogs, passive, association learning, subconscious
-occurs in the cerebellum

Question 2

Operant Conditioning

Answer 2

Skinner box, active learning based on rewards and punishments, conscious

Question 3

Lashley’s “engram”

Answer 3

taught rats a maze and destroys parts of the brain to find out where the memory was stored, didn’t find it

Question 4

Equipotentiality

Answer 4

all parts of the cortex contribute to learning

Question 5

Mass action

Answer 5

the more cortex available to devote to learning, the better learning will be

Question 6

Memories

Answer 6

interrelated things, most humans memories are words, some can be perceptual
- cant be localized to a region in the brain

Question 7

Basal Ganglia

Answer 7

voluntary motor movements, muscle memories

Question 8

Procedural memories

Answer 8

are dependent on the basal ganglia

Question 9

Phrenology

Answer 9

mapping out your brain by feeling the skull
-its bumps
-indents

Question 10

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Answer 10

remember a series of number, but not going to remember tomorrow

Question 11

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 11

things you’ll remember even years down the road

Question 12

Episodic memory

Answer 12

can go back and reexperience the event

Question 13

Semantic memories

Answer 13

Facts you can remember
ex; autumn is after summer

Question 14

Procedural memories

Answer 14

actions you naturally remember
-you can tie your shoes

Question 15

Consolidation

Answer 15

the assumption was that anything that stayed in short-term memory for long enough would “consolidate” into long-term memory
-but too many exceptions

Question 16

Working Memory

Answer 16

-an ability to keep something in mind for a specific purpose
-an active process, driven by context
-Prefrontal cortex is active

Question 17

Explicit

Answer 17

conscious; declarative
-stories/information that can be promoted/told
-relies heavily on the hippocampus

Question 18

Hippocampus

Answer 18

helps form contextual/spatial memories

Question 19

Implicit (non-conscious)

Answer 19

-information that can’t be consciously accessed
-motor memories that will be confused/bungled if explained
-binding problem (contains lots of information that does not always rise to the level of our consciousness)

Question 20

Integration of Memories

Answer 20

Both the temporal and parietal lobes play a role in “finishing” the integration of memories

Question 21

Semantic dementia

Answer 21

something people with anterior temporal lobe damage may have
-hard time naming 3 fruits that are red

Question 22

Parietal lobe

Answer 22

damage to this may lead to struggles with the association between one thing with another
-what often goes with peanut butter

Question 23

The Hebbian Synapse

Answer 23

a synapse that is strengthened by simultaneous activity in both the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuron
(friends who talk more, likely have a better relationship)
Donald Hebb
-synapses connect neurons that fire together

Question 24

Aplysia

Answer 24

a sea slug, a simple organism with large, relatively easy-access neurons
-studied habituation and sensitization responses

Question 25

Habituation

Answer 25

means to stop responding to stimulus
-stop hearing the ticking of a clock
- differing release of neurotransmitters at the synapse

Question 26

Sensitization

Answer 26

means to respond more strongly to stimulus
-skin in more sensitive when sunburned

Question 27

What changed?

Answer 27

a chemical, molecular change led to a change in behavior based on experience (learning)

Question 28

Potentiation

Answer 28

means firing more easily in response to a similar stimulus (also learning)

Question 29

Long-term potentiation

Answer 29

making potentiation at the synapse relatively permanent

Question 30

AMPA receptors

Answer 30

basic glutamate receptors, activating them depolarizes the cell

Question 31

NMDA

Answer 31

more complicated glutamate receptors
-become active with continued, activation of AMPA receptors
-blocked by magnesium ion

Question 32

Upregulating

Answer 32

getting more neurotransmitters

Question 33

LTD

Answer 33

long-term depression, when upregulating in one spot and slow down at another

Question 34

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 34

-inability to remember events prior to a brain trauma
-can be as short as minutes or as severe as months, depending on the injury
-rarely wipes out all memory identity

Question 35

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 35

-inability to form new memories following injury
-typically resulting from damage to the hippocampus and medical temporal lobe
-usually permanent

Question 36

H.M Amnesia

Answer 36

-bilateral removal of the hippocampus and medial temporal region to stop seizures
-resulted from incomplete inability to form new explicit memories
-could still for new procedural/implicit memories

Question 37

Clive Wearing Amnesia

Answer 37

-viral encephalitis destroyed the hippocampus and temporal areas
-resulted in a complete inability to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory
- perpetually feels that he has gained consciousness for the first time

Question 38

Korsakoff’s Disease

Answer 38

prolonged malnutrition stemming from extended alcohol abuse
-vitamin deficiency leads to atrophy of parts of the PFC, hippocampus, and the mamillary bodies

Question 39

Confabulate

Answer 39

create stories to fill the gaps in their memory

Question 40

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 40

a genetic condition causing a build-up of amyloid-beta in neurons
-causes shrinkage of dendrites, and lowers the activity level and plasticity of the cells