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Neuroanatomy > Session 5 > Flashcards

Session 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main roles of the limbic system

A

Learning

Regulation/translation of our emotional state into appropriate behaviour

Memory

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2
Q

What connects the main parts of the limbic system

A

The papez circuit

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3
Q

Where do the olfactory cells in the nasal epithelium project to

A
  • The olfactory bulb to form the olfactory tract
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4
Q

What are association fibres

A
  • Axons interconnecting different areas of the cerebral cortex of one hemisphere
  • Largest bundle is the superior longitudinal fasciculus
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5
Q

What forms the:

  • Roof and anterior wall of the lateral ventricle
  • The medial wall of the lateral ventricle
A
  • The body and the genu of the corpus callosum

- Fornix and septum pellucidum

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6
Q

What is the stria terminalis

A
  • Bundle of white fibres accompanying the curve of the caudate around into the temporal horn of the ventricle
  • Connects the amygdala with septal nuclei of hypothalamus
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7
Q

What is the Fimbria

A
  • Efferent fibres from hippocampus to fornix
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8
Q

What is the caudate nucleus important for

A

voluntary movement

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9
Q

What is the amygdala important for

A

fear responses

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10
Q

Pes hippocampi

A

The shallow grooves at the anterior end of the hippocampus

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11
Q

What do efferents from the hippocampus form

A

The fimbria, which thickens to form the fornix

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12
Q

What is the hippocampus important for

A

Processes long-term memory and emotional responses

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13
Q

What structure shrinks during Alzheimer’s

A

The hippocampus

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14
Q

What can limbic system lesions result in

A
  • Anterograde amnesia
  • Generation of emotions and emotional responses in the absence of external stimulation
  • Production of inappropriate emotional responses to particular stimuli
  • Inability to detect the emotional state of others and inability to regulate our own emotional responses
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15
Q

Describe hydrocephalus

A
  • Blockage of CSF flow in ventricles or SAS
  • Rise in fluid pressure causing ventricles to swell
  • Symptoms and signs include RICP, headache, unsteadiness and mental impairment
  • pressure can be relieved by insertion of a shunt connecting the ventricular system to the peritoneum or jugular vein
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16
Q

What are the basal ganglia

A

A collection of subcortical structures important for controlling movement

17
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus + Putamen = Striatum
Globus pallidus + putamen = lentiform nucleus
subthalamic nuclei
substantia nigra

18
Q

What is the BG course of action

A

Receive information from the cortex, process it, and transmit it back to the cortex via the thalamus

19
Q

What is the function of the BG

A
  • Permit a selection of desired movements and inhibition of competing movements
  • permit smooth and fluid movements
  • non-motor functions (cognition and emotion)
20
Q

What is the output of the hippocampus

A

The fornix, which separates to form columns that descend into mammilary bodies

21
Q

What lies between the striatum and the thalamus

A

The internal capsule

22
Q

Describe the arrangement of the BG structures from outside to medial

A
  • Extreme capsule
  • Claustrum
  • External capsule
  • Lentiform nucleus (putamen and GP)
  • Putamen and GP separated by lateral medullary lamina
  • External segment of GP
  • Medial medullary lamina
  • Internal segment of GP
23
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A
  • Where the caudate and putamen meet
  • Receives dopaminergic input from the VTA in the midbrain
  • Reward and addiction behaviour
24
Q

Describe the corpus callosum

A
  • Anterior curve = forceps minor (passes through genu)

- Posterior curve = forceps major (passes through splenium)

25
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra
  • Depletion of striatal dopamine levels
  • Treatment with Levadopa can minimise symptoms
  • Symptoms include: cog-wheel rigidity, pill-rolling tremor at rest, shuffling, festinant gait (difficulty starting and stopping), bradykinseia (slowing of movements), loss of facial expressions
26
Q

Huntington’s disease

A
  • Autosomal dominantly inherited genetic disorder
  • Symptoms: chorea (overshooting, unintentional movements), personality change, depression, progressive dementia (due to degeneration of striatum and cerebral cortex)
27
Q

Luncar stroke

A
  • The most common type of ischaemic stroke
  • From occlusion of small penetrating arteries that provide blood to deeper brain structures
  • Commonly occur in lenticulostriate arteries (a branch of the MCA), which supply parts of the internal capsule
28
Q

What can a stroke affecting the internal capsule cause

A
  • Hemiparesis typically of half the face (ipsilateral), one arm or leg (contralateral)
  • Ataxic hemiparesis (combination of cerebellar and motor symptoms) most commonly affecting the leg
  • Mixed sensorimotor stroke of the thalamus is also affected, causing hemiparesis with contralateral sensory impairment
29
Q

Projection fibres

A

Connect cortical and subcortical regions e.g. the internal capsule

30
Q

What does the olfactory tract divide into?

A

The medial and lateral olfactory straie

31
Q

Where does the lateral olfactory straie project to?

A
  • The uncus, where the primary olfactory cortex is situated
  • To the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex via the thalamus
  • Important for the recognition and perception of smells
32
Q

Where does the medial olfactory straie project to?

A
  • The septal nuclei in the hypothalamus

- Olfactory centres connected via the anterior commissure

33
Q

What do connections between the olfactory centres on either side of the brain allow

A
  • Ability to perceive odourant radients (turn our head to the source of the smell)

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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