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Neuroanatomy > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 cranial fossa is the cranium split into

A

Anterior - frontal lobe
Middle - temporal lobe
Posterior - cerebellum

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2
Q

What does the frontal bone form

A

The roof of the orbit and the forehead

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3
Q

What bone makes up the edge of the anterior cranial fossa

A

lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

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4
Q

What is the anterior cranial fossa formed by

A
  • The orbital plates of the frontal bone
  • The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (crista galli)
  • The lesser wing of sphenoid bone
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5
Q

What is the middle cranial fossa formed by

A
  • The body and greater wing of the sphenoid bone
  • Squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone
  • part of the parietal bone
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6
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit

A

In the hypophyseal fossa, the most inferior part of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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7
Q

Which foramina does the middle cranial fossa contain

A
  • superior orbital fissure
  • optic canal
  • foramen rotundum
  • foramen ovale
  • foramen lacerum
  • foramen spinosum
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8
Q

what lies within the posterior cranial fossa

A
  • pons
  • medulla
  • cerebellum
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9
Q

What is Meckel’s cave

A

The area where the three ganglia that make up the trigeminal nerve sit

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10
Q

What is the path of the internal carotid cavity

A

Into the carotid canal, travels in the petrous portion of the temporal bone and passes upwards into the cranium through the foramen lacerum

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11
Q

Which artery exits through the foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery - supplies the skull and the dura

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12
Q

What attaches to the inferior ridge of the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

tentorium cerebelli

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13
Q

What goes through the foramen magnum

A
  • medulla (to become spinal cord)
  • two vertebral arteries (branches of the subclavian artery)
  • spinal accessory nerve
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14
Q

Which vein passes through the jugular foramina

A

The sigmoid sinus to become the internal jugular vein

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15
Q

Where does the facial nerve exit the skull to supply the muscles of facial expression

A

stilo mastoid foramina

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16
Q

How does the cavernous sinus drain blood out through the jugular foramina

A

Down the inferior petrosal sinus

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17
Q

Which sinus runs along the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

Superior petrosal sinus

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18
Q

What is a diplo vessel in the base of the skull

A

anastemosis between the venous drainage from the internal veins and the veins on the outside of the skull (between internal and external jugular territories)

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19
Q

How does an infection sometimes spread extracranially to intracranially

A

Through the diplo blood vessels

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20
Q

Which artery passes through the:

  • optic canal
  • superior orbital fissure
  • internal acoustic meatus
A
  • opthalmic artery
  • superior opthalmic vein
  • labrynthine artery
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21
Q

What is jugular foramen syndrome

A
  • compression of multiple lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI)

- causes dysphonia, loss of gag reflex, unilateral wasting of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle

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22
Q

What do diseases within the internal acoustic meatus cause

A

pulsitile tinitus (hear own heart beat, due to pulsating artery pressing against cochlear component of vestibular cochlea nerve)

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23
Q

What is foramen magnum syndrome

A
  • compression of the spinal cord, lower brain stem or cerebellum
  • symptoms: pain in head, neck, limbs trunk made worse by straining, cerebellar symptoms e.g. vertigo
  • signs: decerebrate posture, cardiorespiritory failure, pyramidal signs and death
24
Q

what is arnold- chiari malformation

A
  • Congenital malformation involving displacement of the cerebellar tonsils down through the foramen magnum.
  • Sometimes blocks CSF flow causing hydrocephalus.
  • Symptoms can include headaches, fatigue, muscle weakness in the head and face, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, nausea, impaired coordination.
  • Patients may also develop syringomyelia (cyst in the spinal cord).
25
Q

What is the spinal column made of

A
  • 7 cervicle vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
26
Q

What is the sacram

A

The five lower fused vertebra which have become fused to form a single bone

attaches to the pelvis to allow transmission of weight to the lower limb and locomotor forces of the lower limb up into the spinal column

27
Q

What is the coccyx formed by

A

the fusion of 4 or more rudimentary vertebrae

28
Q

How does the vertebral column transmit the body weight on to the lower limbs

A

Through the sacroilliac joints

29
Q

What is contained within the vertebral canal

A

The spinal cord, it’s coverings and the spinal nerves

30
Q

Which part of the vertebrae can you feel when you palpate down the midline of the back

A

The spinous process

31
Q

What is a distinction of the thoracic vertebrae

A
  • The articulation of the ribs - articular processes (rib facets)
    (The ribs articulate at the vertebral body and the anterior aspect of the transverse process)
  • Spinous process points downwards
32
Q

How can you tell if it is a cervical vertebrae

A
  • Much smaller
  • Smaller transverse process
  • Extra piece of bone called the transverse foramina (where the vertebral artery passes through to supply the posterior circulation of the brain)
  • bifid spinous process from C1-C6
33
Q

How can you distinguish the second cervical vertebrae

A
  • projection superiorly to provide an axis for the neck to rotate
  • at the posterior aspect of the body there is a peg-like structure (adontoid peg) - represents the vertebral body of the first cervical vertebrae which is fused with the body of the second
  • commonly called the axis
34
Q

How can you distinguish the first cervical vertebrae

A
  • commonly called the atlas

- space where the vertebral body would lie

35
Q

What are the vertebral bodies connected by

A

Intervertebral discs

36
Q

Where is rotation:

  • maximum
  • limited
A
  • At the thoracic region

- At the lumbar spine

37
Q

Where is flexion and extension limited

A

At the thoracic region due to the presence of the rib cage

38
Q

What lies between the articular processes

A

Synovial joints

39
Q

What is the intervertebral disc formed from

A

Two types of cartilage

  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
40
Q

What is the fibrocartilage formed by

A
  • Nucleus pulposus

- Annulus fibrosus

41
Q

What is the vertebrae prominent

A
  • The 7th cervical vertebrae
  • The upper most spinous process that is palpable
  • Has a long and non bifid spine
42
Q

What is the highest point of the iliac crest

A

In line with the vertebral between L3-L4 spines

43
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus

A

A well hydrated cel with proteoglycan, collagen and cartilage cells

44
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis

A

10-12 concentric layers of collagen whose oblique arrangement alters in successive layers

45
Q

What is the ligament that runs down the front of the vertebral bodies

A

anterior spinal ligament

46
Q

What is the ligament that runs down the back of the vertebral bodies

A

Posterior spinal ligament

47
Q

What attaches the lamina

A

ligamentum flavum

48
Q

What connects the spinous processes

A

Interspinous ligament

49
Q

What connects the tip of the spinous processes

A

Supraspinous ligament

50
Q

What is meant by a slipped disc

A
  • Compression force through the front of the vertebral bodies
  • tension force in the annulus fibrosis of the posterior vertebral body
  • posterior aspect may tear and the liquid centre will bulge posteriorly through the annulus fibrosis
  • compresses the spinal nerve which exits through the intervertebral foramina
  • if a more central part of the NF ruptures, central disc prolapse, nerve root of the next segment down becomes compressed (exiting and traversing roots)
51
Q

What is the conus medullaris

A
  • The end of the spinal cord

- Finishes in a tube of pia mater

52
Q

Filum terminalis

A
  • Tube of pia mater that comes from the end of the spinal cord to the coccyx
53
Q

What lies between the vertebrae and the dura mater of the spinal cord

A

the epidural space

54
Q

Cauda equina

A

Collection of sensory and motor neurons entering and exiting the spinal cord that forma horse-tail like structure

55
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves (and segments) does the spinal cord have

A

31 pairs

  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
56
Q

Where do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal

A

Through the intervertebral foramen

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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