Extra

Question 1

What would be present if there was a structural abnormality in the ventral region of the parietal lobe

Answer 1

Reading disability

Question 2

What is the posterior parietal lobe responsible for

Answer 2

The logic of math

Question 3

What is the inferior post central sulcus responsible for

Answer 3

gustatory (uncus)

Question 4

What is the posterior dorsolateral temporal lobe responsible for

Answer 4

Hearing

Question 5

What is the ventro-medial and mesial temporal lobe responsible for

Answer 5

Memory processing

Question 6

What is the anterior pole of the temporal lobe responsible for

Answer 6

complex memory and imaging processes

Question 7

What happens if you get bilateral damage to the cerebellar hemispheres

Answer 7

dysarthia (slow/slurred speech)
un coordinated both arms
wide based stance
unsteady gait

Question 8

What happens if you get ipsilateral damage to your cerebellar hemispheres

Answer 8

impaired coordination

Question 9

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus responsible for

Answer 9

visual reflexes

Question 10

What is the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus responsible for

Answer 10

auditory reflexes

Question 11

What structures make up the basal ganglia

Answer 11

Nucleus accumbens 
caudate and putamen = striatum 
putamen and globus pallidus = lentiform nucleus 
substantia nigra 
sub-thalamic nucleus 
claustrum

Question 12

What can happen if a person presents with a problem in the hypothalamus e.g. tumours, congenital malformations or head injury

Answer 12

Disturbances of autonomic control, excessive sleepiness and memory loss

Question 13

What are some roles of the reticular formation

Answer 13

Posture, locomotion, patterned cranial activities, salivary and lacrimal secretions, respiratory rhythm, circulation, sleeping and walking, attention and mood, somatic and visceral information from the cerebellum

Question 14

Where is the cholinergic system

Answer 14

In the septal and basal nuclei in the basal forebrain

Question 15

Where is serotonin located

Answer 15

In the raphe nuclei of the midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 16

Where is dopamine located

Answer 16

In the substantia nigra of the tegmentum of the midbrain

Question 17

What is the problem with treating schizophrenia or parkinson’s with increased or decreased dopamine levels

Answer 17

In schizophrenia, reducing dopamine in the cortex can also reduce the amount in the basal ganglia causing tonic dyskinesia

In parkinson’s increasing dopamine in the basal ganglia and also increase levels in the entire cortex causing psychosis

Question 18

Where is noradrenaline located

Answer 18

in the locus ceruleus

Question 19

What is the role of capillaries

Answer 19

Exchange fluid and nutrients within the brain parenchyma

Question 20

what do larger blood vessels have and how can you stain these

Answer 20

internal and external elastic lamina, which can be stained with elastic van giesen stain

Question 21

What are the three main groups of thalamic nuclei

Answer 21

1. Sensory relays
2. Cerebellar and basal ganglia relays to the motor frontal lobe
3. Connected to associative and limbic areas of cerebral cortex

Question 22

What happens if the thalamus is damaged

Answer 22

Loss of sensation, pain or movement disorders

Question 23

What is the main output pathway for the pituitary gland

Answer 23

The hypothalamus

Question 24

What is the hippocampus important for

Answer 24

Laying down memory (making new memories)

Question 25

Describe the papez circuit

Answer 25

Input from the perforant path of the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus, output form the hippocampus to the fimbria that forms the fornix, columns of the fornix synapse into mammillary bodies, mammillary bodies project to the thalamus via the mammilothalamic tract, thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus, cingulate gyrus passes posteriorly as the cingulum down into the medial temporal lobes and entorhinal cortex then back to the hippocampus

Question 26

What is the straie of gennari

Answer 26

A band of myelinating axons that run parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex on the banks of the calcarine fissure of the occipital lobe

Question 27

Commissural fibres

Answer 27

From one side of the brain to the other e.g. corpus callosum and anterior and posterior commissure

Question 28

What is the dominant lobe of the parietal lobe responsible for

Answer 28

Perception, interpretation of sensory information, formation of the idea of a complex meaningful motor response

Question 29

What is the non-dominant parietal lobe responsible for

Answer 29

visuospatial functions

Question 30

What are the supramarginal and angular gyrus of the dominant parietal lobe responsible for

Answer 30

Language and mathematical operations

Question 31

What are the functions of the temporal lobe

Answer 31

Superior temporal gyrus (primary auditory cortex) Medial aspect within the uncus (primary olfactory area) Superior temporal gyrus of dominant hemisphere (Werkinke's area - language comprehension) Short-term memory Equilibrium Emotion

Question 32

What are the suggested functions of the insula cortex

Answer 32

Activated by diverse sensory stimuli Pain perception Sensory awareness

Question 33

What are the functions of the limbic lobe

Answer 33

Emotion, memory, behaviour and olfaction hippocampus = long-term memory formation amygdala = motivationally significant stimuli (fear/reward) influences the endcorine system and autonomic nervous system interconnected with the nucleus accumbens = pleasure centre, sexual arousal and drug addiction

Question 34

Where do the dural venous sinuses lie

Answer 34

In between the outer endosteal and inner meningeal layer of the dura

Question 35

Where do the subarachnoid cisterns lie

Answer 35

In the spaces between the arachnoid and the pia

Question 36

What is the PIA-INTIMIA

Answer 36

the innermost layer of pia formed by the end-feet of astrocytes and their covering basement membrane

Question 37

what is the EPI-PIA

Answer 37

The connective tissue (outer layer) of pia

Question 38

What are emissary veins

Answer 38

Communication between the intracranial venous sinuses and the veins outside the skull possible route for infection or inflammation to spread into the cranial cavity from outside the skull

Question 39

Describe the exit foramina of the major blood vessels

Answer 39

ethmoid foramen - ethmoidal artery and vein optic canal - opthalmic artery superior orbital fissure - superior opthalmic vein foramen lacerum - internal carotid artery foramen spinosum - middle meningeal artery jugular foramen - internal jugular vein internal acoustic meatus - labrythnthine artery forman magnum - vertebral arteries

Question 40

What is the pons responsible for

Answer 40

1. relay station for signals from forebrain to cerebellum 2. multiple functions related to cranial nerves 3. involuntary functions (breathing and REM sleep)

Question 41

What is the medulla responsible for

Answer 41

1. voluntary functions (heart rate, breathing, vomiting, blood pressure) 2. multiple functions related to cranial nerves