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Neuroanatomy > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

1
Q

What would be present if there was a structural abnormality in the ventral region of the parietal lobe

A

Reading disability

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2
Q

What is the posterior parietal lobe responsible for

A

The logic of math

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3
Q

What is the inferior post central sulcus responsible for

A

gustatory (uncus)

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4
Q

What is the posterior dorsolateral temporal lobe responsible for

A

Hearing

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5
Q

What is the ventro-medial and mesial temporal lobe responsible for

A

Memory processing

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6
Q

What is the anterior pole of the temporal lobe responsible for

A

complex memory and imaging processes

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7
Q

What happens if you get bilateral damage to the cerebellar hemispheres

A

dysarthia (slow/slurred speech)
un coordinated both arms
wide based stance
unsteady gait

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8
Q

What happens if you get ipsilateral damage to your cerebellar hemispheres

A

impaired coordination

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9
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus responsible for

A

visual reflexes

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10
Q

What is the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus responsible for

A

auditory reflexes

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11
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia

A 
Nucleus accumbens 
caudate and putamen = striatum 
putamen and globus pallidus = lentiform nucleus 
substantia nigra 
sub-thalamic nucleus 
claustrum
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12
Q

What can happen if a person presents with a problem in the hypothalamus e.g. tumours, congenital malformations or head injury

A

Disturbances of autonomic control, excessive sleepiness and memory loss

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13
Q

What are some roles of the reticular formation

A

Posture, locomotion, patterned cranial activities, salivary and lacrimal secretions, respiratory rhythm, circulation, sleeping and walking, attention and mood, somatic and visceral information from the cerebellum

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14
Q

Where is the cholinergic system

A

In the septal and basal nuclei in the basal forebrain

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15
Q

Where is serotonin located

A

In the raphe nuclei of the midbrain, pons and medulla

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16
Q

Where is dopamine located

A

In the substantia nigra of the tegmentum of the midbrain

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17
Q

What is the problem with treating schizophrenia or parkinson’s with increased or decreased dopamine levels

A

In schizophrenia, reducing dopamine in the cortex can also reduce the amount in the basal ganglia causing tonic dyskinesia

In parkinson’s increasing dopamine in the basal ganglia and also increase levels in the entire cortex causing psychosis

18
Q

Where is noradrenaline located

A

in the locus ceruleus

19
Q

What is the role of capillaries

A

Exchange fluid and nutrients within the brain parenchyma

20
Q

what do larger blood vessels have and how can you stain these

A

internal and external elastic lamina, which can be stained with elastic van giesen stain

21
Q

What are the three main groups of thalamic nuclei

A
  1. Sensory relays
  2. Cerebellar and basal ganglia relays to the motor frontal lobe
  3. Connected to associative and limbic areas of cerebral cortex
22
Q

What happens if the thalamus is damaged

A

Loss of sensation, pain or movement disorders

23
Q

What is the main output pathway for the pituitary gland

A

The hypothalamus

24
Q

What is the hippocampus important for

A

Laying down memory (making new memories)

25
Q

Describe the papez circuit

A

Input from the perforant path of the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus, output form the hippocampus to the fimbria that forms the fornix, columns of the fornix synapse into mammillary bodies, mammillary bodies project to the thalamus via the mammilothalamic tract, thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus, cingulate gyrus passes posteriorly as the cingulum down into the medial temporal lobes and entorhinal cortex then back to the hippocampus

26
Q

What is the straie of gennari

A

A band of myelinating axons that run parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex on the banks of the calcarine fissure of the occipital lobe

27
Q

Commissural fibres

A

From one side of the brain to the other e.g. corpus callosum and anterior and posterior commissure

28
Q

What is the dominant lobe of the parietal lobe responsible for

A

Perception, interpretation of sensory information, formation of the idea of a complex meaningful motor response

29
Q

What is the non-dominant parietal lobe responsible for

A

visuospatial functions

30
Q

What are the supramarginal and angular gyrus of the dominant parietal lobe responsible for

A

Language and mathematical operations

31
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe

A

Superior temporal gyrus (primary auditory cortex)

Medial aspect within the uncus (primary olfactory area)

Superior temporal gyrus of dominant hemisphere (Werkinke’s area - language comprehension)

Short-term memory

Equilibrium

Emotion

32
Q

What are the suggested functions of the insula cortex

A

Activated by diverse sensory stimuli

Pain perception

Sensory awareness

33
Q

What are the functions of the limbic lobe

A

Emotion, memory, behaviour and olfaction

hippocampus = long-term memory formation

amygdala = motivationally significant stimuli (fear/reward)

influences the endcorine system and autonomic nervous system

interconnected with the nucleus accumbens = pleasure centre, sexual arousal and drug addiction

34
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses lie

A

In between the outer endosteal and inner meningeal layer of the dura

35
Q

Where do the subarachnoid cisterns lie

A

In the spaces between the arachnoid and the pia

36
Q

What is the PIA-INTIMIA

A

the innermost layer of pia formed by the end-feet of astrocytes and their covering basement membrane

37
Q

what is the EPI-PIA

A

The connective tissue (outer layer) of pia

38
Q

What are emissary veins

A

Communication between the intracranial venous sinuses and the veins outside the skull

possible route for infection or inflammation to spread into the cranial cavity from outside the skull

39
Q

Describe the exit foramina of the major blood vessels

A

ethmoid foramen - ethmoidal artery and vein

optic canal - opthalmic artery

superior orbital fissure - superior opthalmic vein

foramen lacerum - internal carotid artery

foramen spinosum - middle meningeal artery

jugular foramen - internal jugular vein

internal acoustic meatus - labrythnthine artery

forman magnum - vertebral arteries

40
Q

What is the pons responsible for

A
  1. relay station for signals from forebrain to cerebellum
  2. multiple functions related to cranial nerves
  3. involuntary functions (breathing and REM sleep)
41
Q

What is the medulla responsible for

A
  1. voluntary functions (heart rate, breathing, vomiting, blood pressure)
  2. multiple functions related to cranial nerves

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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