Session 4 - Immune System

Question 1

what are the 2 types of immune response

Answer 1

innate and adaptive

Question 2

what cells are antigen presenting cells

Answer 2

macrophages, dendritic, B lymphocytes

Question 3

what do mast cells do

Answer 3

release heparin, histamine and cytokines in an immune response

Question 4

what does histamine cause

Answer 4

vasodilation and an increase in permeability of blood vessels

Question 5

how do mast cells cause an allergic response

Answer 5

degradation of the granules in mast cells all over the body cause the release of histamine which causes general vasodilation

Question 6

what are the 5 signs of inflammation (English)

Answer 6

redness, loss of function, pain, swelling, heat

Question 7

what are the 5 signs of inflammation (latin)

Answer 7

rubor, calor, functino laesa, tumor, dolor

Question 8

what do eosinophils do

Answer 8

secrete toxins to kill parasites

Question 9

what do basophils do

Answer 9

secrete histamine and heparin during an immune response

Question 10

what is interleukin a type of

Answer 10

cytokine

Question 11

what cell is the first to arrive at the site of inflammation

Answer 11

neutrophils

Question 12

what is the appearance of neutrophils

Answer 12

granular with a lobed nucleus

Question 13

what do neutrophils do

Answer 13

carry out phagocytosis

Question 14

what d macrophages do

Answer 14

carry out phagocytosis and are antigen presenting cells

Question 15

what do dendritic cells do

Answer 15

carry out phagocytosis and are antigen presenting cells

Question 16

what physical barriers are involved in the innate immune system

Answer 16

skin, mucus and stomach acid

Question 17

why does swelling occur during inflammation

Answer 17

due to an increase in leucocytes and plasma

Question 18

what 3 affects does the complement cascade have

Answer 18

opsonisation, inflammation and degradation of cell membranes

Question 19

what is opsonisation

Answer 19

the marking of a pathogen for destruction using cb3 proteins

Question 20

what do cytotoxic T cells do

Answer 20

induce apoptosis by forming holes in the membranes of host cells displaying foreign antigens presented to them by APC

Question 21

which immune system are natural killer classed under

Answer 21

innate immune system

Question 22

what do B helper cells do

Answer 22

differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies in order to maintain the humoral response

Question 23

what do T helper cells do

Answer 23

activate B lymphocytes

Question 24

what do natural killer cells do

Answer 24

destroy compromised host cells

Question 25

what type of cells ensure the an immunological memory

Answer 25

B and T memory cells

Question 26

what is clonal selection

Answer 26

process of selecting the right lymphocyte

Question 27

what is clonal expansion

Answer 27

proliferation of the correct lymphocytes

Question 28

how long after the innate response does the adaptive response occur

Answer 28

3 days

Question 29

what is apoptosis

Answer 29

programmed cell death via molecular signals

Question 30

what protein is deactivated to induce apoptosis

Answer 30

bcl-2

Question 31

where is the bcl-2 protein found

Answer 31

on the mitochondrias cell membrane

Question 32

what occurs during apoptosis

Answer 32

enzymes digest the cytosol and cell components. DNA is fragmented. the cells breaks into fragments which are taken up in phagocytosis

Question 33

what is necrosis

Answer 33

cells death due to physical disruption

Question 34

what can cause necrosis

Answer 34

toxins, injury or nutrient deprivations

Question 35

what occurs during necrosis

Answer 35

osmotic pressure cause the cell to swell and burst, causing cytotoxic chemicals to leak out and cause an immune response

Question 36

what are the 2 types of phagocytosis

Answer 36

oxygen dependent and independent

Question 37

outline oxygen dependant phagocytosis

Answer 37

when phagocytes produce oxygen reactive species

Question 38

what is oxygen independent phagocytosis

Answer 38

lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes break down the pathogen in the absence of oxygen

Question 39

outline phagocytosis

Answer 39

phagocytes migrate toward particle using cytokines
the cells recognise the opsonins and digest the particle via endocytosis. A phagosome and then a phagolysosome is formed. Oxygen (in)dependant digestion occurs and the indigestible waste is removed