Body Logistics - Clinical Conditions

Question 1

What is gout

Answer 1

A type of arthritis where small crystals form in and around joints

Question 2

How do patients with gout regularly present

Answer 2

Sudden and severe attacks of pain and inflammation in one or more of the joints
Joint appears red and shiny

Symptoms develop rapidly over a few hours and lasts approx. 10 days

Question 3

Who does gout mostly affect

Answer 3

Males: more common in over 30y/o
Females: post-menopausal

Question 4

How is gout treated

Answer 4

Symptom relief using NSAIDs and corticosteroids
Lifestyle changes
Medication to lower uric acid levels

Question 5

What is a major cause of gout

Answer 5

A build up of uric acid in the blood leading to depositions of uric crystals around the joint

Question 6

What can cause an increase in the production of uric acid

Answer 6

• obesity, high BP, diabetes
• renal problems
• eating ‘rich foods’
• drinking too much alcohol

Question 8

What is connective tissue

Answer 8

A collection of fibres that form a framework and support structure for body tissues and organs

Question 9

What are the three different kinds of connective tissue

Answer 9

• CT Proper (loose and dense CT)
• Specialised CT (blood and lymph tissue)
• Supporting CT (bone, cartilage, and bone marrow)

Question 10

What are the key functions of connective tissue

Answer 10

• Connects one tissue too another
• Protects organs
• Storage of fats
• Can nourish other tissues and help form new tissues

Question 11

What is the difference between Loose CT and Dense CT

Answer 11

Both act as a body packing material by filling the space between organs.

Loose CT is more abundant and allows more movement
Denser CT has more fibres and less space, being densely packed with fibroblasts

Question 12

What are the main functions of CT Proper

Answer 12

Compartmentalise
Connect
Insulate
Protect
Stabilise

(Remember C-CIPS)

Question 13

What do fixed cells do within connective tissue

Answer 13

They are responsible for the maintenance of the connective tissue

Question 14

Name some key fixed cells in connective tissue

Answer 14

Melanocytes
Macrophages
Mast cells
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes

Question 15

What do wandering cells do in connective tissues

Answer 15

They are defense cells that are involved int he immune response and help repair damage to the tissue

Question 16

What are the three kinds of Dense Connective Tissue

Answer 16

• Dense Regular
• Dense Irregular
• Elastic

Question 17

What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular tissue

Answer 17

Dense regular - resists stress in only one direction as collagen is parallel (found in tendons and ligaments)

Dense irregular - can resist stress in multiple directions as collagen runs in all directions (found in the dermis of the skin)

Question 18

What is the function of elastic connective tissue

Answer 18

Elastic CT is found in the vertebrae, allowing for the back to recoil and extend

Question 19

What is collagen

Answer 19

The commonest protein in the body, it can be divided into many different types

Question 20

What is type 1 collagen

Answer 20

Most common form of collagen.

Fibrils form fibres, which in turn form fibre bundles.

Question 21

Where can type 1 collagen be found

Answer 21

Tendons
Organ capsules
Dermis of the skin

Question 22

What is type 2 collagen

Answer 22

Where collagen fibrils do not form fibres (as seen in hyaline and elastic cartilage)

Question 23

What is type 3 collagen

Answer 23

Fibrils form fibres around muscle and nerve cells in lymphatic tissues and organs.
This is known as reticulin.

Question 24

What is type 4 collagen

Answer 24

A unique kind of collagen only found in the basement membrane.

Question 25

What cell secretes procollagen

Answer 25

Fibroblasts

Question 26

True or False: procollagen is converted into collagen outside of the cell

Answer 26

True: this is to prevent a build up of collagen within the cell

Question 27

What do the collagen molecules do to form the final collagen fibrils

Answer 27

The collagen molecules aggregate together, forming the fibrils

Question 28

True or False: all collagen fibrils group together to form collagen fibres

Answer 28

False: in some types of collagen (type 2) they remain as fibrils

Question 29

What is the importance of vitamin C in collagen production

Answer 29

Vitamin C is requires for the intracellular production of procollagen.

Question 30

What can result from a vitamin C deficiency

Answer 30

Scurvy

Question 31

What are the common signs of scurvy

Answer 31

Poor wound healing, reopening of scars, and impaired bone formation

Question 32

What is osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 32

A genetic disorder that causes a lack in type 1 collagen

Question 33

What is the inheritance pattern of osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 33

Autosomal Dominant

Question 34

How do patients with osteogenesis imperfecta present

Answer 34

``` Brittle bones Blue tinged sclerae Short height Loose joints Hearing loss ```

Question 35

What is the treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 35

There is no cure, it is controlled by lifestyle and placement of metal rods in long bones

Question 36

What is elastin

Answer 36

Elastic fibres that allow recoil after stretching

Question 37

Where is elastin commonly found

Answer 37

- most connective tissues - artery walls - lungs - dermis - sites that contain elastic cartilage

Question 38

What is Marfan’s Syndrome

Answer 38

A genetic disorder leading to the abnormal expression of the fibrilin gene. This leads to abnormal elastic tissue.

Question 39

What is the inheritance pattern of Marfan’s syndrome

Answer 39

Autosomal dominant

Question 40

What are the common signs and symptoms of Marfan’s syndrome

Answer 40

- Abnormally tall - Arachnodactyly (long limbs and fingers) - Frequent joint dislocations

Question 41

True or False: People with Marfan’s Syndrome are at risk of an aortic rupture

Answer 41

True.

Question 42

What is oedema

Answer 42

An accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities

Question 43

What is lymphoedema

Answer 43

Swelling as a result of obstruction of the lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes. This leads to an accumulation of lymph in the affected region.

Question 44

True or False: Lymphoedema is a pitting form of oedema

Answer 44

False - lymphoedema does not pit

Question 45

What are some of the common causes of oedema

Answer 45

- Kidney disease - Heart failure - Chronic lung disease - Liver disease - Taking anti-hypertensives

Question 46

What are the names used to classify different kinds of epithelium

Answer 46

``` Simple - 1 layer of cells Stratified - >1 layer of cells Squamous - flat cells Cuboidal - cube cells Columnar - column cells ```

Question 47

What are the names for 2 kinds of epithelium that do not fit the standard classifications

Answer 47

Psuedostratified Transitional

Question 48

What is psuedostratified epithelium

Answer 48

Looks stratified but there is only one layer of cells. | It secretes mucus and has cilia

Question 49

What is transitional epithelium

Answer 49

Special form of stratified epithelium that can stretch and change shape e.g. from cuboidal to squamous as seen in the bladder

Question 50

What is pseudo gout and how is it different to gout

Answer 50

It is a similar condition to gout It normally begins at the knee joint It is caused by the build up of calcium crystals