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Phase 1 - S1 Body Logistics > Body Logistics - Clinical Conditions > Flashcards

Body Logistics - Clinical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is gout

A

A type of arthritis where small crystals form in and around joints

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2
Q

How do patients with gout regularly present

A

Sudden and severe attacks of pain and inflammation in one or more of the joints
Joint appears red and shiny

Symptoms develop rapidly over a few hours and lasts approx. 10 days

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3
Q

Who does gout mostly affect

A

Males: more common in over 30y/o
Females: post-menopausal

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4
Q

How is gout treated

A

Symptom relief using NSAIDs and corticosteroids
Lifestyle changes
Medication to lower uric acid levels

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5
Q

What is a major cause of gout

A

A build up of uric acid in the blood leading to depositions of uric crystals around the joint

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6
Q

What can cause an increase in the production of uric acid

A
  • obesity, high BP, diabetes
  • renal problems
  • eating ‘rich foods’
  • drinking too much alcohol
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8
Q

What is connective tissue

A

A collection of fibres that form a framework and support structure for body tissues and organs

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9
Q

What are the three different kinds of connective tissue

A
  • CT Proper (loose and dense CT)
  • Specialised CT (blood and lymph tissue)
  • Supporting CT (bone, cartilage, and bone marrow)
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10
Q

What are the key functions of connective tissue

A
  • Connects one tissue too another
  • Protects organs
  • Storage of fats
  • Can nourish other tissues and help form new tissues
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11
Q

What is the difference between Loose CT and Dense CT

A

Both act as a body packing material by filling the space between organs.

Loose CT is more abundant and allows more movement
Denser CT has more fibres and less space, being densely packed with fibroblasts

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12
Q

What are the main functions of CT Proper

A 
Compartmentalise
Connect
Insulate
Protect
Stabilise

(Remember C-CIPS)

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13
Q

What do fixed cells do within connective tissue

A

They are responsible for the maintenance of the connective tissue

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14
Q

Name some key fixed cells in connective tissue

A 
Melanocytes
Macrophages
Mast cells
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
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15
Q

What do wandering cells do in connective tissues

A

They are defense cells that are involved int he immune response and help repair damage to the tissue

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16
Q

What are the three kinds of Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • Dense Regular
  • Dense Irregular
  • Elastic
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17
Q

What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular tissue

A

Dense regular - resists stress in only one direction as collagen is parallel (found in tendons and ligaments)

Dense irregular - can resist stress in multiple directions as collagen runs in all directions (found in the dermis of the skin)

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18
Q

What is the function of elastic connective tissue

A

Elastic CT is found in the vertebrae, allowing for the back to recoil and extend

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19
Q

What is collagen

A

The commonest protein in the body, it can be divided into many different types

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20
Q

What is type 1 collagen

A

Most common form of collagen.

Fibrils form fibres, which in turn form fibre bundles.

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21
Q

Where can type 1 collagen be found

A

Tendons
Organ capsules
Dermis of the skin

22
Q

What is type 2 collagen

A

Where collagen fibrils do not form fibres (as seen in hyaline and elastic cartilage)

23
Q

What is type 3 collagen

A

Fibrils form fibres around muscle and nerve cells in lymphatic tissues and organs.
This is known as reticulin.

24
Q

What is type 4 collagen

A

A unique kind of collagen only found in the basement membrane.

25
Q

What cell secretes procollagen

A

Fibroblasts

26
Q

True or False: procollagen is converted into collagen outside of the cell

A

True: this is to prevent a build up of collagen within the cell

27
Q

What do the collagen molecules do to form the final collagen fibrils

A

The collagen molecules aggregate together, forming the fibrils

28
Q

True or False: all collagen fibrils group together to form collagen fibres

A

False: in some types of collagen (type 2) they remain as fibrils

29
Q

What is the importance of vitamin C in collagen production

A

Vitamin C is requires for the intracellular production of procollagen.

30
Q

What can result from a vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

31
Q

What are the common signs of scurvy

A

Poor wound healing, reopening of scars, and impaired bone formation

32
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta

A

A genetic disorder that causes a lack in type 1 collagen

33
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Autosomal Dominant

34
Q

How do patients with osteogenesis imperfecta present

A 
Brittle bones
Blue tinged sclerae
Short height
Loose joints
Hearing loss
35
Q

What is the treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta

A

There is no cure, it is controlled by lifestyle and placement of metal rods in long bones

36
Q

What is elastin

A

Elastic fibres that allow recoil after stretching

37
Q

Where is elastin commonly found

A
  • most connective tissues
  • artery walls
  • lungs
  • dermis
  • sites that contain elastic cartilage
38
Q

What is Marfan’s Syndrome

A

A genetic disorder leading to the abnormal expression of the fibrilin gene.

This leads to abnormal elastic tissue.

39
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Marfan’s syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant

40
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of Marfan’s syndrome

A
  • Abnormally tall
  • Arachnodactyly (long limbs and fingers)
  • Frequent joint dislocations
41
Q

True or False: People with Marfan’s Syndrome are at risk of an aortic rupture

A

True.

42
Q

What is oedema

A

An accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities

43
Q

What is lymphoedema

A

Swelling as a result of obstruction of the lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.
This leads to an accumulation of lymph in the affected region.

44
Q

True or False: Lymphoedema is a pitting form of oedema

A

False - lymphoedema does not pit

45
Q

What are some of the common causes of oedema

A
  • Kidney disease
  • Heart failure
  • Chronic lung disease
  • Liver disease
  • Taking anti-hypertensives
46
Q

What are the names used to classify different kinds of epithelium

A 
Simple - 1 layer of cells
Stratified - >1 layer of cells
Squamous - flat cells
Cuboidal - cube cells
Columnar - column cells
47
Q

What are the names for 2 kinds of epithelium that do not fit the standard classifications

A

Psuedostratified

Transitional

48
Q

What is psuedostratified epithelium

A

Looks stratified but there is only one layer of cells.

It secretes mucus and has cilia

49
Q

What is transitional epithelium

A

Special form of stratified epithelium that can stretch and change shape e.g. from cuboidal to squamous as seen in the bladder

50
Q

What is pseudo gout and how is it different to gout

A

It is a similar condition to gout
It normally begins at the knee joint
It is caused by the build up of calcium crystals

Phase 1 - S1 Body Logistics (19 decks)

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