Session 10 - Respiratory System

Question 1

What happens in inspiration?

Answer 1

Diaphragm contracts and moves down, increasing the volume of the cavity meaning that the pressure decreases so air is drawn in

Question 2

What happens in exhalation

Answer 2

Diaphragm relaxes and the chest moves up. There is a smaller volume and increased pressure so air moves out

Question 3

What is the name of the serous membrane lining the lungs

Answer 3

Pleural sacs

Question 4

The are the names of the 2 membranes which make up the serous membrane

Answer 4

Outer membrane is the parietal serosa and the inner membrane is the visceral serosa

Question 5

What is found in between the serous membranes

Answer 5

A lubricating fluid which creates surface tension and reduces friction.

Question 6

What is the advantage of surface tension in the serous membrane

Answer 6

Prevents the lungs collapsing due the the many elastic fibres trying to recoil and shrink

Question 7

What can the pleural cavity fill with?

Answer 7

Air (pneumothorax), blood (haemothorax), pus (empyema) or water (pleural effusion)

Question 8

What is Boyles law?

Answer 8

When the volume of a contains increases the pressure will decrease

Question 9

What is LaPlaces law?

Answer 9

Air will move from an area of lower pressure than higher pressure e.g air moves from a smaller lung into a larger lung as there is a smaller pressure in the larger lung

Question 10

Why is the pressure in the intrapleural space negative

Answer 10

The recoiling of the lungs separates the membranes so that there is a large volume and so lower pressure

Question 11

How do you drain fluid in the pleural cavity

Answer 11

Inserting a needle into an intercostal space

Question 12

What is a pancoast tumour?

Answer 12

Tumour in the apex of the lung

Question 13

What an pancoast tumour impinge on?

Answer 13

Brachialis plexus causing wasting of the lower arm

Question 14

What is horners syndrome?

Answer 14

Syndrome caused by an pancoast tumour impinging in the sympathetic trunk.

Question 15

What are the symptoms of horners syndrome?

Answer 15

Constricted pupil, droopy upper eyelid

Question 16

Where is pseudostratified Epithelium found in the respiratory system?

Answer 16

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi and secondary bronchi

Question 17

Where is simple columnar epithelium found in the digestive system

Answer 17

Bronchiole and terminal bronchioles

Question 18

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial found in the respiratory system?

Answer 18

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

Question 19

Where is simple squamous epithelium found int he respiratory system

Answer 19

Alveoli

Question 20

What 2 regions are found in the nasal cavity?

Answer 20

Non olfactory and olfactory regions

Question 21

What is found in the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity

Answer 21

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with no goblet cells and non-motile cilia

Question 22

What is the role of the olfactory region?

Answer 22

Detect odours

Question 23

What is the role of the vocal cords in the larynx

Answer 23

Stop foreign objects reaching the lungs and contribute to the resonance of the voice

Question 24

Which is anterior the oesophagus of the trachea?

Answer 24

Trachea

Question 25

What is the structure of the trachea?

Answer 25

Pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium, mucus membrane, submucosa, C shaped hyaline cartilage, adventita

Question 26

What happens to the hyaline cartilage with age

Answer 26

It ossifies

Question 27

What is secreted by the epithelium in the trachea and bronchi

Answer 27

Mucins, water, proteins and lysozymes

Question 28

What disease results from hyperproliferation of goblet cells and less cilia

Answer 28

COPD

Question 29

How does cystic fibrosis affect the mucus?

Answer 29

The CFTR in not present in apical membranes and so chloride transport is compromised. As less chloride ions move out so does less water, making the mucus more viscous which often results in infections

Question 30

How does the cartilage of secondary and tertiary bronchi differ to the trachea

Answer 30

Irregular cartilage

Question 31

What is the cartilage like in primary bronchi

Answer 31

Continuous ring

Question 32

Why do bronchioles not need cartilage

Answer 32

Surrounding alveoli keep the lumen open

Question 33

What potential issue can arise due tot the lack of cartilage in bronchioles

Answer 33

Excessive smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction) causes difficulty in expiration. This is asthma

Question 34

What are Clara cells

Answer 34

Cells which secrete a surfactant lipoprotein which prevents walls sticking together during expiration. Also secrete a Clara cell protein

Question 35

Where are Clara cells found

Answer 35

Bronchioles

Question 36

What are supporting the alveoli walls

Answer 36

Elastic and reticular fibres

Question 37

What 2 types of cell compose the alveoli

Answer 37

Type I and II pneumocytes

Question 38

What is the function of type I pneumocytes

Answer 38

The simple squamous cells permit gas exchange

Question 39

What is the function of type II pneumocytes

Answer 39

These cuboidal cells produce surfactant

Question 40

What third type of cell are also found in the alveoli

Answer 40

Macrophages

Question 41

What is pneumonia

Answer 41

Inflammation of the lungs caused by the presence of bacteria

Question 42

What is emphysema

Answer 42

The destruction of the alveoli walls creating permanent air spaces