SEROLOGY SECTION Flashcards
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• Immunology - study of individual’s reactions when foreign
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body is introduced
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• Immunity - state of being protected or resistant from
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infectious disease.
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• Antigen - foreign
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non-self substance bound by an
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antibody molecule. May range from small
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simple
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intermediary metabolites (lipids
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sugars
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complex macromolecules (carbohydrates
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proteins
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acids). Not necessary to invoke immune response.
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Immunogens - antigens that stimulate immune response
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: Antibody - protein (immunglobulin) round in blos
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plasma
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produced by plasma cell derived from B
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lymphocytes
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response against a specific antigen.
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Five types: IgG
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IgM
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Serology - division of immunology specialized in
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laboratory detection and measurement of specific antibody
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as response to an antigen. In-vitro reactions.
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History of Serology
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• Thucydides
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Outbreak in Athens
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430 BC. Found out that people
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previously had the plague could only nurse the sick
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• Ancient China
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23
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Started variolation or insufflation for smallpox
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- Variolation - inhalation of dried crusts of smallpox
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Smallpox - caused by Variola virus
plague of 13th
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and 17" century
characterized by fever
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filled with pus and fluid.
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• Ancient England
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- Variolation method is wounding the patient and putting
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the pus from smallpox carrier to the wound site.
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• Edward Jenner
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Started the practice of vaccination (vacca
meaning
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"cow") against smallpox
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- Sarah Nelms - milkmaid that had cowpox from her
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cow Blossom and was immune from smallpox
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- James Phipps - son of Jenner's gardener that was
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inoculated by cowpox lesions of Nelms by Jenner
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then was introduced smallpox lesion. He developed a
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reaction at the inoculation site but showed no signs of
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smallpox
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• Louis Pasteur
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Page 4 of 11
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- Coined the term vaccine and first to observe
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attenuation
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- Attenuation - process of making something weaker.
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- First to demonstrate attenuation of a pathogen and
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administer this attenuated strain as vaccine
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- Succeeded in growing Pasteurella multocida
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bacterium causing fowl cholera in culture
and
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chickens injected cultured bacterium developed fowl
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cholera
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- Observed that old cultures injected was not the cause
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of the cholera
and injected chickens were becoming
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immune when injected with fresh culture of bacterium
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- Proved that aging would lower the virulence (ability
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to cause disease) of a causative agent
thus injecting
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this attenuated strain is a protection against disease.
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- Named the attenuated strain vaccine after Jenner's
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cowpox inoculation
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- Vaccine - suspension of weak/inactivated/attenuated
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cells or microorganisms to induce immunity
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- First to vaccinate sheep using heat-attenuated
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anthrax bacillus
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- Injected untested rabies vaccine to a 9-year-old boy
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named Joseph Meister
who was mauled and beaten
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by a rabid dog. Treatment lasted for 10 days and the
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boy was recovered.
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Because attenuated viruses cannot be cultured
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without a host
Pasteur injected live rabies virus in
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rabbits in order for them to multiply.
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Emil Roux - tested rabies vaccine to dogs and
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observed vaccinated animals were immunized from
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rabies exposure.
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Humoral and Cellular Immunity
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Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato
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Serum from animals immunized to diphtheria could
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transfer immunity to unimmunized animals
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• Elvin Kabat
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-
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A fraction of serum called gammaglobulin (now
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immunoglobulin) is responsible for immunity. Believed
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that humors or body fluids mediated by antibodies was
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solely responsible of certain diseases and immunity
it
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was called humoral immunity
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• Eli Metchnikoff
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Observed that WBCs
termed as phagocytes
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able to ingest microorganisms (phagocytosis)
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therefore concluded that cells contributed in immunity
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of an animal
and became the first proponent of
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cellular immunity
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• Merril Chase
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Transferred WBCs against Mycobacterium
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tuberculosis to guinea pigs
reinforcing claims of
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cellular immunity.
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• Improved Cell Culture Techniques in 1950's
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Lymphocyte was identified as both responsible for
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humoral and cellular immunity
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• Bruce Glick
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Performed experiments on chickens and identified two
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types of lymphocytes
T Cells derived from thymus
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and B Cells from bursa of Fabricious of the chicken
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- Mnemonic for lymphocytes responsible for what
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immunity: Tatay Co nasa Barangay Hall
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> In humans
both B and T lymphocytes are produced in the
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bone marrow. Immature T lymphocytes migrate to thymus
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for maturation and B lymphocytes mature in the bone
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marrow
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Innate and Adaptive Immunity
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Innate or Native Immunity
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Cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms already
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placed before infection
prepared in case of infection
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- Response is the same for all pathogens/foreign
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substances
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No prior exposure is required
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Response doesn't change with subsequent exposures.
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• Adaptive or Acquired Immunity
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Produced after introduction of antigenic challenge to a
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host
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- Ability to remember prior exposure
resulting to
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increased response in repeated exposure
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- Characterized by specificity for each individual
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pathogen or microbial agents
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Two types of adaptive immunity
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a.
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Cellular immunity - mediated by T
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lymphocytes
principal defense against
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intracellular microbes
responsible in killing
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infected cells.
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b.
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Humoral immunity - mediated by antibodies
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produced by plasma cells derived from B
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lymphocytes
principal defense against
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extracellular microbes
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Lines of Defenses
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Anatomic barriers: skin
mucous
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membranes
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Physiologic processes:
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sneezing
coughing
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reflex
diarrhea
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epithelium
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First
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Line of
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Defense
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Normal microbiota/flora:
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healthy
nonpathogenic bacteria
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found in respiratory tract and
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intestines
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INNATE
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IMMUNITY
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Secretions: tears
mucus
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cerumen
saliva
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sweat
stomach acid
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Second
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Line of
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Defense
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Very low pH of vagina and
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stomach
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Phagocytes: Neutrophils
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Monocytes/Macrophages
NK
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cells
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Inflammatory reaction
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ADAPTIVE
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IMMUNITY
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Third
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Line of
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Defense
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ACTIVE
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immunity
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host makes
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own
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antibodies
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Natural
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Complement System: assisting
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phagocytes in clearing foreign
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bodies
promotes inflammation
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Cellular components:
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Lymphocytes - T (helper &
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cytotoxic) lymphocytes
B
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lymphocytes
Plasma cells
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Humoral components:
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antibodies and cytokines (protein
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secreted by immune cells to
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mediate and regulate immunity)
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Antibody
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produced
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Infections
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by host?
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Duration
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immune
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response
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YES
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LONG
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Artificial
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Vaccination
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PASSIVE
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immunity
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Antibodies
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are passed
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from donor
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to host
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Natural
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Colostrum
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(mother's milk)
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NO
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SHORT
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Artificial
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Infusion of
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serum/plasma
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Routine Tests in Serology
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1. Non-Treponemal Antibody Tests
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- Usually for detection of Syphilis (Treponema
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pallidum)
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-
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Detects presence of reagin antibodies against
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cardiolipin
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Cardiolipin - found in mitochondrial membrane.
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When membrane breaks
cardiolipin is secreted
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triggering production of regain Abs
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Although seen in syphilis patients
regain antibodies
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are not specific in syphilis only as it is also observed
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in infectious diseases such measles
Tb
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leprosy
malaria
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Includes: Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test and
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Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)
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Test
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2. HBsAg (Hep. B Surface Antigen) Test
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Detects infection of Hepatitis B virus by presence of
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HBsAg. Indicative of being infectious of a patient.
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3. Anti-HBs (Hep. B Surface Antibody) Test
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- Detecting presence of Anti-HBs
sign of being immune
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from Hepatitis B virus.
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- Production of Anti-HB is observed from vaccinated
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persons and patients recovered from Hepatitis B.
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4. Widal Test
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Detection of presence of antibodies against disease
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causing Salmonella organisms (most known is
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Salmonella typhi) which further diagnoses enteric and
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typhoid fever.
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5. Dengue IgG/IgM Test
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Screening test for dengue viral infection and aid in
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differential diagnosing of primary and secondary
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infection
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- IgG - first to respond
IgM - responsible for
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memory/anamnestic response
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Results reads:
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IgG positive ONLY: past dengue infection
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• IgM positive ONLY: primary (first-time) infection
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• BOTH IgG and IgM positive: secondary (second-
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time) infection
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6. Dengue NS1 Test
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Detects non-structural protein NS1 of dengue virus.
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NS1 antigen is detectable in the acute phase of
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dengue infection
especially in the first 7 days of
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symptoms
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7. Dengue Duo Kit
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Contains both dengue IgG/IgM and NS1 antigen tests.
