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PMLS 1 > HEMATOLOGY SECTION > Flashcards

HEMATOLOGY SECTION Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered closed circulation of blood?

A

William Harvey

Blood flows in two loops: pulmonary and circulatory.

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2
Q

Who provided the first accurate description of red blood cells (RBCs)?

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who is known as the father of Hematology?

A

William Hewson

Discovered white blood cells (WBCs), lymphatic circulation, and fibrinogen.

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4
Q

What did William Hewson discover about coagulation?

A

He discovered the fundamentals of coagulation and Glauber’s salt as the first anticoagulant.

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5
Q

What is the role of the bone marrow in hematopoiesis?

A

Franz Ernst Christian Neumann discovered it is responsible for blood cell and plasma production.

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6
Q

Who described platelets as ‘blutplatchen’?

A

Giulio Bizzozero

He described their role in hemostasis and thrombosis.

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7
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The process to prevent or stop bleeding.

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8
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

The process of formation of thrombus (blood clot).

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9
Q

Who developed the first method of blood cell staining?

A

Paul Ehrlich

Identified three types of granulocytes, mast cells, and megaloblasts.

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10
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Immune cells present in connective tissue that mediate allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.

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11
Q

What are megaloblasts?

A

Immature RBC precursors that may indicate anemia.

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12
Q

Who developed the Wright stain?

A

James Homer Wright

Developed the more refined Wright-Romanowsky stain.

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13
Q

What is the Wright-Romanowsky stain?

A

A stain with acidic (red to orange eosin) and basic (methylene blue) components.

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14
Q

Who was the first to perform a manual blood count?

A

Karl Vierordt

His method involved drawing blood using a capillary tube.

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15
Q

Who developed a method for RBC blood count without manual counting?

A

George Oliver

His method was based on visual measurement of light loss.

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16
Q

What innovation did Mercandier et al. introduce in blood counting?

A

Utilized a photodetector for measuring light absorption.

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17
Q

Who developed impedance measurement for blood counting?

A

Wallace Coulter

He based it on the fact that RBCs are poor electrical conductors.

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18
Q

What is hematology?

A

The study of blood and its components.

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19
Q

What is blood?

A

A liquid connective tissue responsible for supplying nutrients and discarding wastes.

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20
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

Plasma and formed elements (WBCs and platelets).

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21
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

55% of blood volume, made up of 91.5% H2O, 7% plasma proteins, and 1.5% other solutes.

22
Q

What are red blood cells (RBCs)?

A

Biconcave, anucleated cells that contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen.

23
Q

What is central pallor in RBCs?

A

The pale center groove of an RBC.

24
Q

What are white blood cells (WBCs)?

A

Nucleated cells that defend the body against infections.

25
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.

26
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytic cells that are the first to respond in bacterial infections.

27
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Involved in helminthic and parasitic infections, also in phagocytosis.

28
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.

29
Q

What are Agranulocytes?

A

Agranulocytes are white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules that are not obviously observed.

30
Q

What are the two main types of Agranulocytes?

A

The two main types of Agranulocytes are Monocytes and Lymphocytes.

31
Q

Describe Monocytes.

A

Monocytes have a horseshoe or kidney-shaped nucleus with brain-like convolutions and a blue-gray colored, foamy cytoplasm with very fine azurophilic granules, giving a ‘ground glass’ appearance. They make up 2-11% of the white blood cell population.

Known as Macrophages when they leave the bloodstream.

32
Q

Describe Lymphocytes.

A

Lymphocytes are round and slightly indented, occupying the majority of the cell area. Their cytoplasm is scanty with ‘Robin’s egg blue coloration’ and they make up 18-42% of the white blood cell population.

33
Q

What are the types of Lymphocytes?

A

The types of Lymphocytes include B Lymphocytes, T Lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Cells.

34
Q

What is the role of Macrophages?

A

Macrophages protect the body against pathogens such as Mycobacterium spp. and are predominant in responding to viral infections.

35
Q

What are Platelets or Thrombocytes?

A

Platelets or Thrombocytes are cell fragments of megakaryocytes responsible for hemostasis and thrombosis. They contain many vesicles and have no nucleus.

36
Q

What is a Complete Blood Count?

A

A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a commonly preferred blood test used in routine check-ups and in the diagnosis of diseases such as infections, anemia, immune diseases, and blood cancers.

37
Q

What does Hemoglobin Determination diagnose?

A

Hemoglobin Determination is used to diagnose anemia, defined as hemoglobin levels of <120 g/L in women and <130 g/L in men according to WHO.

38
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

Hematocrit, also known as Packed Cell Volume or Erythrocyte Volume Fraction, is the volume percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample.

The conjunction of Hematocrit and Hemoglobin determination in diagnosing anemia is called the H/H Test.

39
Q

Is RBC Count clinically significant?

A

No, RBC Count is not used by physicians as automated RBC counts are highly erroneous.

40
Q

What is the significance of WBC Count?

A

WBC Count is clinically significant, with leukocytosis (high WBC) seen in infections, allergies, and leukemic states, while leukopenia (low WBC) is seen in viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and immunodeficiency.

41
Q

What does Platelet Count quantify?

A

Platelet Count quantifies the number of thrombocytes in blood samples.

42
Q

What is WBC Differential Count?

A

WBC Differential Count involves observing 100 WBCs and classifying them into types.

Mnemonic for WBC types based on numbers: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.

43
Q

What is RBC Morphology Examination?

A

RBC Morphology Examination is the microscopic observation of the size and shape of RBCs.

44
Q

What are the classifications of RBC size?

A

RBC size classifications include Normocytic (normal size 7-8 um), Microcytic (small <7 um), and Macrocytic (large >8 um).

45
Q

What are the classifications of RBC color?

A

RBC color classifications include Normochromic (balanced central pallor), Hypochromic (big central pallor), and Hyperchromic (small central pallor).

46
Q

What are RBC Indices?

A

RBC Indices aid in the morphological classification of anemia, including Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration.

47
Q

What does Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicate?

A

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicates the average volume of a single erythrocyte, determining cell size.

48
Q

What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin indicate?

A

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin indicates the average amount of hemoglobin per erythrocyte, determining cell color.

49
Q

What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration indicate?

A

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration indicates the average concentration of hemoglobin per unit volume (100 mL), determining cell color.

50
Q

How are reference ranges in CBC forms established?

A

Reference ranges in CBC forms are set and established by clinical laboratories.

PMLS 1 (6 decks)

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