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PMLS 1 > PARASITOLOGY SECTION > Flashcards

PARASITOLOGY SECTION Flashcards

1
Q

• Parasite - organism completely depending on another

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2
Q

organism (host) for shelter and nourishment.

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3
Q

Medically Important Parasites

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4
Q

Protozoans

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5
Q

Eukaryotic

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unicellular non-

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6
Q

photosynthetic organisms

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7
Q

Amoeba

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8
Q

Has pseudopods (false feet) for

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9
Q

locomotion

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10
Q

E.g.

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Entamoeba histolytica

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11
Q

Flagellates

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12
Q

Helminths

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13
Q

Parasitic worms

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14
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant

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15
Q

intestinal roundworm)

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16
Q

Trichuris trichuria

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17
Q

(whipworm)

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18
Q

Human hookworms

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19
Q

Ancylostoma

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20
Q

duodenale (Old world

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21
Q

hookworm)

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22
Q

Necator americanus

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23
Q

(New world

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24
Q

hookworm)

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25
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

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26
Q

(Threadworm)

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27
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

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28
Q

(Pinworm

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Seatworm).

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29
Q

Cestodes - tapeworms

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30
Q

Examples are:

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31
Q

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

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32
Q

Taenia saginata (beef

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33
Q

tapeworm)

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34
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish

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35
Q

broad tapeworm)

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36
Q

Trematodes - flukes

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37
Q

Examples are:

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38
Q

Monoecious flukes

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39
Q

Fasciola hepatica

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40
Q

(Sheep liver fluke)

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41
Q

• Paragonimus

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42
Q

westermani (Lung

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43
Q

Fluke)

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44
Q

Dioecious flukes

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45
Q

Blood flukes such as

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46
Q

Schistosoma

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47
Q

japonicum

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48
Q

Schistosoma

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49
Q

mansoni

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and

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50
Q

Schistosoma

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51
Q

haematobium

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52
Q

Development of Parasitology

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53
Q

Early Written Records

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54
Q

• Bible

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55
Q

-

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56
Q

1250 to 1200 BC: Described “fiery serpents” which is

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57
Q

most likely Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)|

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58
Q

• Ebers Papyrus

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59
Q

-

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60
Q

first written records of intestinal worms confirmed by

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61
Q

the discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies

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62
Q

dating from 1200 BC

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63
Q

Detailed account of aat (nature of infection with

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64
Q

Dracunculus medinensis and techniques for removing

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65
Q

the worm) swelling in the limbs among some ancient

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66
Q

Egyptians

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67
Q
  • detailed description of aaa (possibly Hookworm
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68
Q

infection) among ancient Egyptians

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69
Q

• Hippocrates

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70
Q
  • Described worms from fishes
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domesticated animals

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71
Q

and humans

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72
Q

• Roman physicians Celsus and Galen

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73
Q

Were familiar with Ascaris lumbricoides

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Enterobius

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74
Q

vermicularis and tapeworms belonging to genus

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75
Q

Taenia

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76
Q

• Paulus Aegineta

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77
Q

-

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78
Q

Clearly described Ascaris

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Enterobius

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79
Q

tapeworms; Also gave good clinical descriptions of

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80
Q

their respective infections

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81
Q

• Avicenna

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82
Q

Has whip-like structures called

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83
Q

the flagella for locomotion

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84
Q

E.g.. Giardia lamblia

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85
Q

Ciliates

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86
Q

Has hair-like cilia for locomotion

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87
Q

5 . alansion cilian

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88
Q

for locomotio not have organs

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89
Q

Arabic physician who recognized the guinea worm

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90
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

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91
Q
  • • Carolus Linnaeus
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92
Q

Father of Taxonomy

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93
Q
  • Described & named six helminth worms
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94
Q

• Ascaris lumbricoides

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95
Q

• Ascaris vermicularis (now Enterobius

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96
Q

vermicularis) |

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97
Q

• Gordius medinensis (now Dracunculus

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98
Q

medinens/s)

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99
Q

• Fasciola hepatica

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100
Q

Taenia solium

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101
Q

Taenia lata (now Diphyllobothrium latum)

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102
Q

Discovery of Common Parasites

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103
Q

Discovery of Parasitic Protozoa

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104
Q

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1681): Discovered Giardia

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105
Q

lamblia

A

the first parasitic protozoan in humans

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106
Q

• Friedrich Losch/ Fedor Lesh (1873): Discovery of

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107
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

the causative agent of

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108
Q

amoebiasis

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109
Q

• Everett Dutton (1902): Identified Trypanosoma brucei

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110
Q

gambiense which causes chronic sleeping sickness

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111
Q

• J.W.W Stephens & Harold Fantham (1910): Identified

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112
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense that causes acute

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113
Q

sleeping sickness

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114
Q

• Alphonse (Charles) Laveran (1880): Discovered that

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115
Q

malaria is caused by protozoans known as the

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116
Q

Plasmodium species

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117
Q

• Ronald Ross (1897): Discovered that mosquitoes can

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118
Q

transmit malaria to birds

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119
Q

Establish mosquitoes (Female Anopheles) as

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120
Q

vectors

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121
Q

Contributed significantly to the study of the life cycle of

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122
Q

Plasmodium spp.

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123
Q

Discovery of Ascaris lumbricoides

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124
Q

• Edward Tyson: Gave the first detailed anatomy of A.

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125
Q

lumbricoides

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126
Q

• Francesco Redi: Gave another detailed description of

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127
Q

A. lumbricoides

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128
Q

• The publications by Tyson and Redi marked the

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129
Q

beginnings of the subdiscipline of helminthology

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130
Q

which reached a peak in the 19th century

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131
Q

• Casimir Joseph Davaine (1862): Demonstrated that

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132
Q

ingestion of eggs of A. lumbricoides as correct mode

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133
Q

of transmission

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134
Q

• Giovanni Battista Grassi (1862): Validated Davaine’s

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135
Q

work; Infected himself with eggs of A. lumbricoides &

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136
Q

subsequently found eggs in his feces

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137
Q

• Shimesu Koino (1922)

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138
Q

Discovered the life cycle of A. lumbricoides

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139
Q

including the migration of larval stages around the

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140
Q

body

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141
Q

-

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142
Q

Infected a volunteer and himself; Subsequently

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143
Q

found large numbers of larvae in his sputum

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144
Q

Discovery of Hookworm & Strongyloides stercoralis

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145
Q

19th century: Scientists used the term ‘Egyptian

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146
Q

chlorosis’ to describe the greenish pallor associated

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147
Q

with Hookworm infection

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148
Q

• Angelo Dubini (1838): Found hookworms in a human

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149
Q

patient

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150
Q

• Wilhelm Griesinger (1854): Established the association

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151
Q

between Hookworm infection and the (then) unknown

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152
Q

disease characterized by anemia

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greenish yellow

153
Q

pallor

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and laziness

154
Q

•

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155
Q

Edoardo Perroncito (1879): Established the real

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156
Q

connection between pallor and Hookworm infection

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157
Q

while investigating the diseases of miners in the St.

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158
Q

Gothard tunnel

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159
Q

• Arthur Looss (End of 19th century): “Hookworm &

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160
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis larvae enter the body by boring

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161
Q

through the skin”

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162
Q

Accidentally infected himself with the hookworm

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163
Q

larvae

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164
Q

Deliberately placed S. stercoralis on his skin; Found

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165
Q

larvae in his feces 64 days later

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166
Q

Discovery of Trichinella spiralis

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167
Q

•

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168
Q

James Paget (1835): Discovered T. spiralis in humans

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169
Q

• Rudolf Virchow (1859) and Friedrich Zenker (1860):

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170
Q

Discovery of the adult worms of T. spiralis

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171
Q

• Friedrich Zenker (1860): Recognized clinical

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172
Q

significance of infection; Concluded that infections

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173
Q

come from eating raw and improperly cooked pork

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174
Q

Discovery of Tapeworm

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175
Q

• Edward Tyson (Late 17th century)

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176
Q

-

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177
Q

Scientific observations on the tapeworms of

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178
Q

humans

A

dogs

179
Q
  • Recognize the “head” (scolex) of a tapeworm
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180
Q

• Johann Goeze (1784)

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181
Q

Discovered Taenia saginata

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182
Q
  • First to state that intermediate hosts are involved in
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183
Q

the life cycles of Taenia

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184
Q
  • Observed that the scolices of the tapeworm in
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185
Q

humans resembled cysts in the muscle of pigs

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186
Q

• Friedrich Heinrich Kuchenmeister

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187
Q

-

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188
Q

Middle of the 19th century: Recognized the

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189
Q

difference between Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

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190
Q

and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

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191
Q

1850s: In a much-criticized experiment

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fed pig meat

192
Q

containing Taenia solium to criminals in execution

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193
Q

and recovered adult tapeworms after the execution

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194
Q

• Edoardo Perroncito (1877)

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195
Q

Confirmed that eating “measly” beef causes

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196
Q

tapeworm infections

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197
Q

1

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198
Q

Routine Techniques in the Parasitology Section

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199
Q

Routine Fecalysis

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200
Q

A. Macroscopic Examination

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201
Q

Normal Characteristics for Fecal Analysis

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202
Q

Color: Light to Dark Brown

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203
Q

Consistency: Soft to well-formed

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204
Q

Other characteristics not usually noted or reported in a

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205
Q

laboratory report

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206
Q

Quantity: 100 -250 grams/ day

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207
Q

Odor: Foul to Offensive

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208
Q

pH: 7.0-8.0

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209
Q

Color

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210
Q

Black

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tarry

211
Q

Observation of Stool Color

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212
Q

Description/Causes

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213
Q

Called as melena

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214
Q

Bright Red

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215
Q

Upper Gl bleeding

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216
Q

(esophagus

A

stomach

217
Q

duodenum

A
218
Q

Ingestion of Fe

A

Bi

219
Q

charcoal

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220
Q

Called as hematochezia

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221
Q

Pale/Chalky

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222
Q

Green

A
223
Q

Yellow

A
224
Q

Lower Gl bleeding (colon

A
225
Q

rectum)

A
226
Q

Medications (Rifampin)

A
227
Q

food (beets)

A
228
Q

Blockage of bile duct or

A
229
Q

use of barium sulfate

A
230
Q

Oral antibiotics and

A
231
Q

increased intake of green

A
232
Q

vegetables or food

A
233
Q

coloring

A
234
Q

Ingesting milk diet

A

corn

235
Q

meal

A

rhubarb

236
Q

Observation of Stool Consistency

A
237
Q

Watery

A
238
Q

Soft

A
239
Q

Semi-Formed

A
240
Q

Formed

A
241
Q

B.

A
242
Q

Microscopic Examination

A
243
Q

Necessary to identify helminth eggs and larvae

A
244
Q

as well as protozoans

A
245
Q

Routine microscopic examination: Direct Fecal

A
246
Q

Smear

A
247
Q

Mounts

A
248
Q

Saline Wet

A
249
Q

• Protosoal boph. Mottity

A
250
Q

lodine Wet

A
251
Q

Procedure

A
252
Q

a.

A
253
Q

One or two drops of

A
254
Q

normal saline solution

A
255
Q

(NSS) is aspirated and

A
256
Q

transferred onto a glass

A
257
Q

slide.

A
258
Q

b.

A
259
Q

A clean wooden

A
260
Q

applicator stick is then

A
261
Q

used to acquire a

A
262
Q

representative portion of

A
263
Q

the fecal sample.

A
264
Q

C.

A
265
Q

The wooden stick (now

A
266
Q

containing the sample

A
267
Q

is then applied over the

A
268
Q

NSS to prepare a fecal

A
269
Q

emulsion. A cover slip is

A
270
Q

placed on top followed

A
271
Q

by microscopic

A
272
Q

examination

A
273
Q

**Note: For watery stool

A
274
Q

samples

A

the sample itself is

275
Q

directly

A
276
Q

used and is not mixed with

A
277
Q

NSS

A
278
Q

Similarly prepared as

A
279
Q

saline wet mount

A

only

280
Q

that a solution of

A
281
Q

iodine (Lugol’s iodine)

A
282
Q

is used instead

A
283
Q

Best in highlighting

A
284
Q

details of protozoan

A
285
Q

cysts

A

thus

286
Q

correct identification

A
287
Q

loome war

A
288
Q

«Cy morphologital detail:

A
289
Q
  1. Fecal Occult (Hidden) Blood Testing (FOBT)
A
290
Q

Most frequently performed fecal chemical

A
291
Q

examination

A
292
Q
  • Used to detect “occult” or “hidden” blood that may
A
293
Q

be present in fecal samples.

A
294
Q
  • Necessary because any bleeding more than 2.5
A
295
Q

mL/150 g of stool is PATHOLOGICALLY

A
296
Q

SIGNIFICANT and there may be no visible signs of

A
297
Q

bleeding with this amount of blood

A
298
Q

A mass screening procedure for the early detection

A
299
Q

of colorectal cancer

A
300
Q

Recommended by the American Cancer Society

A
301
Q

especially for those >50 years old

A

PMLS 1 (6 decks)

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