CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of medical science that deals with the analysis of chemical composition of body fluids for diagnostic information on the state of the human body.

A

Clinical Chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main types of body fluids analyzed in Clinical Chemistry?

A
  • plasma
  • serum
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • synovial fluid
  • amniotic fluid
  • urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two main origins of Clinical Chemistry?

A
  1. Development of scientific research in medicine
  2. Emergence of organic and physiological chemistry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What elements are involved in Organic Chemistry?

A
  • carbon (C)
  • hydrogen (H)
  • oxygen (O)
  • nitrogen (N)
    —–CHON—–
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who is considered the Father of Medicine?

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

He believed that diseases are caused by an imbalance of body humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

A

Hippocrates believed that diseases are caused by an imbalance of body humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

He introduced the anatomic approach to disease processes, explaining diseases through localized pathologic anatomy.

A

Giovanni Morgagni introduced the anatomic approach to disease processes, explaining diseases through localized pathologic anatomy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who is known as the Father of Modern Chemistry?

A

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

He discovered hydrogen and oxygen and the role of oxygen in combustion and respiration, which he described as slow combustion.

A

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Vitalists believe?

A

Living organisms have a ‘vital force’ that is the essence of life and that life processes cannot be replicated in a laboratory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

They believed that animals are like ‘machines’ and that life can be explained solely by chemical and physical properties.

A

Mechanists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Darwinists assert about humans and animals?

A
  • Man is not unique
  • There is continuity between man and animals
  • ‘Origin of Species’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who isolated urea from urine samples?

A

Antoine Francois de Fourcroy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who synthesized urea in vitro, proving that organic compounds could be synthesized without any vital force.

A

Friedrich Wohler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

He discovered glycogen formation in the liver, contradicting the belief that only plants produce complex compounds.

A

Claude Bernard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who emphasized the connection between chemistry and medical practice?

A

William Prout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

He stated that ‘Chemical studies are relevant to clinical medicine.

A

Thomas Hodgkin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What significant change occurred at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1847?

A

Recognized the aid medicine received from studying organic chemistry and authorized the purchase of a microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who proposed that American hospitals must employ clinical chemists to advance their ability to differentiate physiologic and pathologic conditions.

A

Otto Knut Folin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did Folin and Van Slyke determine in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Folin and Van Slyke determined reference intervals of chemical analytes and correlated variations with pathologic conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who invented a volumetric gas-measuring apparatus for determining CO2 concentration?

A

Donald Dexter Van Slyke

22
Q

What method did Otto Knut Folin and Hsien Wu develop?

A

A method for production of protein-free filtrate used for determining blood sugar.

23
Q

What type of colorimeter did Folin develop?

A

Duboscq type colorimeter for measuring creatinine in urine.

24
Q

Who developed the alkaline picrate method for determining creatinine concentration?

A

Max Jaffe

25
Q

What is colorimetry?

A

Pioneered by Otto Knut Folin, it involves the observation of intensity of colored product after chemical reactions.

26
Q

What is spectrophotometry?

A

Measurement of light absorbance at selected wavelengths.

27
Q

What instrument initiated spectrophotometry?

A

The Beckman DU Spectrophotometer developed by Cary and Beckman.

28
Q

What is an Auto-Analyzer?

A

A continuous-flow instrument that reacted specimen and reagents to produce a measurable color density.

29
Q

Who introduced the Centrifugal Analyzer?

A

Norman Anderson

30
Q

What is the Sequential Multiple Analyzer with Computer (SMAC)?

A

A device capable of performing multiple tests analyzed one after another on a given clinical specimen.

31
Q

What are the purposes of automation in clinical chemistry?

A

Saves time, eliminates human errors, and reduces risk of cross contamination.

32
Q

What is the most commonly performed assay in the Clinical Chemistry section?

A

Blood Sugar Testing

33
Q

What does RBS stand for?

A

Random Blood Sugar - test at any given point of day.

34
Q

What does FBS stand for?

A

Fasting Blood Sugar - no eating nor drinking aside from water for at least 8 hours before blood collection.

35
Q

What is OGTT?

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test - usually requested by physicians for pregnant patients in diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

36
Q

What is the HbA1c test?

A

It measures average blood glucose levels of the patient over a three-month period.

37
Q

What is a Lipid Profile Test?

A

A combination of tests conducted to check for risks of cardiovascular diseases.

38
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Storage form of fat; elevated levels are observed in obese or diabetic patients.

39
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A steroid alcohol, precursor of hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts.

40
Q

What are Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)?

A

‘Bad cholesterol’ that transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues.

41
Q

What are High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)?

A

‘Good cholesterol’ that transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for metabolism.

42
Q

What is creatinine?

A

A waste product of muscle metabolism, elevated in impaired renal function.

43
Q

What does BUN stand for?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen - a waste product of protein catabolism, elevated in cases of kidney diseases.

44
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Elevation of BUN.

45
Q

What is uremia?

A

Elevation of BUN with renal failure.

46
Q

What is Blood Uric Acid (BUA)?

A

A product of purine nucleic acids, measured to detect kidney dysfunction and presence of renal stones.

47
Q

What are Liver Function Tests also referred to as?

A

Hepatic panel.

48
Q

What does bilirubin indicate?

A

A yellow-colored pigment, product of hemoglobin breakdown.

49
Q

What are the liver enzymes used to assess hepatic function?

A

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

50
Q

What are troponins?

A

Regulatory proteins in cardiac muscles; the most specific test for myocardial damage.

51
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A pigment in muscle tissues, not as specific as troponin.

52
Q

What are cardiac enzymes?

A

Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH).