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PMLS 1 > BLOOD BANK SECTION > Flashcards

BLOOD BANK SECTION Flashcards

1
Q

• Immunohematology - branch of immunology deals with

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2
Q

immunologic principles with studying different blood groups

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3
Q

• Blood bank - area in clinical laboratory where blood

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4
Q

products

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such as whole blood and blood components

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5
Q

collected from donor are prepared and stored for

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6
Q

transfusion.

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7
Q

Early History

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8
Q

• Pope Innocent VIII (1492) - drank blood from three young

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9
Q

boys in hopes of youth and vitality

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ended up being dead

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10
Q

along with the boys.

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11
Q

Animal-to-Animal Transfusion

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12
Q

Jean Baptiste Denis

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13
Q
  • Performed the first animal-to-animal transfusion by
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14
Q

bloodletting 16-year-old boy with 9 ounces of lamb’s

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15
Q

blood in exchange of the boy’s 3 ounces of blood

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16
Q
  • His second patient was Anton Mauroy receiving calf’s
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17
Q

blood

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in which he suffered transfusion reaction but

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18
Q

became well.

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19
Q

• Richard Lower

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20
Q

Transfused sheep’s blood to Arthur Coga

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a clergy

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21
Q

student

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22
Q

Human-to-Human Transfusion

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23
Q

• Philip Syng Physick

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24
Q
  • Conducted first human-to-human transfusion in 1795
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25
Q

but was not documented.

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26
Q

• John Henry Leacock

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27
Q

Performed and published animal experiments proving

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28
Q

donor and recipient must be the same species.

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29
Q

• James Blundell

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30
Q

In 1825

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he successfully transfused a woman suffering

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31
Q

from postpartum pregnancy with the woman’s

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32
Q

husband’s blood.

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33
Q

• Emil Ponflick

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34
Q

-

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35
Q

Observed RBC lysis in blood of a woman transfused

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36
Q

with sheep’s blood. Also observed incompatible

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37
Q

transfusion reactions such as hemorrhage and

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38
Q

congestion of kidneys

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lungs

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39
Q

• Leonard Landois

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40
Q
  • Observed that human RBCs will lyse if mixed with sera
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41
Q

of other animals. Set the stage for studying

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42
Q

immunologic basis of blood compatibility.

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43
Q

• Braxton Hicks

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44
Q

Suggested the use of anticoagulant as clotting was the

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45
Q

primary obstacle of transfusion

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46
Q

Discovery of Blood Groups and Landsteiner Laws

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47
Q

•

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48
Q

Karl Landsteiner - discovered ABO blood group in

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49
Q
  1. He explained serious reactions from incompatible
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50
Q

transfusions.

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51
Q

• Landsteiner observed that blood mixed with other

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52
Q

specimen of human blood sometimes resulted to

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53
Q

agglutination

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which is the clumping of cells.

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54
Q

• Landsteiner identified three blood groups

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called A

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55
Q

and C (renamed as O from German word one meaning

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56
Q

without

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57
Q

• Alfred von Descatello and Adriano Sturli - discovered

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58
Q

blood group AB in 1902

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59
Q

• Landsteiner and Alex Weiner - discovered Rh blood

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60
Q

group in 1940

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61
Q

• Landsteiner Laws

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62
Q

a. Antigen of RBC determines the blood group

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63
Q

b. Corresponding antibody is never found in the

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64
Q

individual’s sera

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65
Q

c. Opposite antibody is found in the individual’s sera

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66
Q

Inheritance of ABO and Rh Blood Groups

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67
Q

Definition of Terms

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68
Q

• Genes - unit of heredity

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molecular level of DNA sequence

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69
Q

responsible for expression of a specific trait

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70
Q

Allele - one or two alternate forms of a gene

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71
Q

• Genotype - set of genes possessed by an individual

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72
Q

• Phenotype - physical traits which expression is based on

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73
Q

inherited genes along with environmental factors.

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74
Q

• There are 4 possible phenotypes on ABO Blood Group

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75
Q

blood type A

A

B

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76
Q

• In a genotype

A

one is from the father and one is from the

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77
Q

mother

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78
Q

• Three alleles are used in ABO inheritance pattern: A

A

B

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79
Q

Allele A and B are dominant

A

can be heterozygous

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80
Q

(e.g.

A

AO) or homozygous (e.g.

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81
Q
  • Allele A and B can be codominant
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as type AB has

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82
Q

both A and B alleles.

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83
Q

Allele O is recessive

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which is only expressed in

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84
Q

homozygous O (genotype 0O)

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85
Q

• Rh Blood Typing

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86
Q

Detects presence of D antigens on surface of RBCs

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87
Q

-

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88
Q

Genotype

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89
Q

AA (homozygous A)

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90
Q

AO (heterozygous A)

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91
Q

BB (homozygous B)

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92
Q

BO (heterozygous B)

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93
Q

AB

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94
Q

0

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95
Q

Phenotype

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96
Q

Blood Type A

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97
Q

Blood Type A

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98
Q

Blood Type B

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99
Q

Blood Type B

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100
Q

Blood Type AB

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101
Q

Blood Type O

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102
Q

Categorizes into Rh+ and Rh-

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103
Q

-

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104
Q

Sample is whole blood and reagent is Anti-D which is

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105
Q

colorless

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106
Q

Reaction

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107
Q

with Anti-D

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108
Q

+

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109
Q

Indication

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110
Q

Sample Problem

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111
Q

D antigen is

A
112
Q

presents

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113
Q

D antigen is

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114
Q

absent

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115
Q

The mother’s blood type is A while the father is AB. What

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116
Q

are the possible blood types of their offspings?

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117
Q

Analysis: Mother’s genotype can be AO or AA

A

father’s

118
Q

Testing compatibility of donor and recipient blood. Has

A
119
Q

genotype is AB.

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120
Q

A

A
121
Q

A

A
122
Q

Case 1

A
123
Q

Case 2

A
124
Q

AA

A
125
Q

AO

A
126
Q

AB

A
127
Q

BO

A
128
Q

A

A
129
Q

AA

A
130
Q

AA

A
131
Q

B

A
132
Q

AB

A
133
Q

AB

A
134
Q

Type

A
135
Q

Rh+

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136
Q

Rh-

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137
Q

• Crossmatching

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138
Q

two parts:

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139
Q

Major Crossmatch

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140
Q

RSDC (Recepient’s serum + donor’s cells)

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141
Q

Detects if recipient has antibodies that may destroy cells from the donor

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142
Q

b.

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143
Q

Minor Crossmatch

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144
Q

DSRC (Donor’s serum + recipient’s cells)

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145
Q

• Detects if donor has antibodies that may

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146
Q

destroy cells of the recipient.

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147
Q

Genotype

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148
Q

3 AA

A
149
Q

3 AB

A
150
Q

1 AO

A
151
Q

1 BO

A
152
Q

Phenotype

A
153
Q

A

A
154
Q

AB

A
155
Q

Phenotype

A
156
Q

Summary

A
157
Q

Number

A
158
Q

4

A
159
Q

B

A
160
Q

AB

A
161
Q

3

A
162
Q

Percentage

A
163
Q

3/8 or

A
164
Q

0.375

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165
Q

1/8 or 15.5

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166
Q

4/8 or 50%

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167
Q

There are 8 possible genotypes of the offsprings

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168
Q

Routine Tests in Blood Banking

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169
Q

• ABO Blood Typing: Four Major Blood Types

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170
Q

Blood Type

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171
Q

ANTIGEN in

A
172
Q

RBCs

A
173
Q

A

A
174
Q

А

A
175
Q

B

A
176
Q

AB

A
177
Q

Both A and B

A
178
Q

No antigens

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179
Q

ANTIBODY

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180
Q

in Plasma

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181
Q

Anti-B

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182
Q

Anti-A

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183
Q

No antibodies

A
184
Q

Both anti-A

A
185
Q

and anti-B

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186
Q
  1. Direct/Forward/Cell Typing: most common
A
187
Q

Determines antigens present on the surface of

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188
Q

patient’s RBCs

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189
Q

Uses whole blood and reagents are commercially

A
190
Q

prepared antisera

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191
Q

Blood

A
192
Q

ANTISERA reagent

A
193
Q

Type

A
194
Q

Anti-A

A
195
Q

Anti-B

A
196
Q

(BLUE)

A
197
Q

(YELLOW)

A
198
Q

A

A
199
Q

-

A
200
Q

AB

A
201
Q

+

A
202
Q

+

A
203
Q

2

A
204
Q

Indirect/Reverse/Serum Typing

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205
Q

Determines antibodies in the plasma or serum of a

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206
Q

patient’s specimen

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207
Q

Uses Red Cell Suspension (RCS) as reagent

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208
Q

Blood

A
209
Q

RCS reagent

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210
Q

A Cell

A
211
Q

B Cell

A
212
Q

Type

A
213
Q

Suspension

A
214
Q

Suspension

A
215
Q

А

A
216
Q

+

A
217
Q

B

A
218
Q

+

A
219
Q

AB

A
220
Q

+

A
221
Q

+

A

PMLS 1 (6 decks)

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