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Infection and immunity > Serology > Flashcards

Serology Flashcards

0
Q

What is a serological test?

A

A test based on the reaction between antigen and antibody

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1
Q

What is serology?

A

The study of the components of the blood, mainly antibodies

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2
Q

What are the diagnostic uses of serological tests?

A

Find antibodies in serum generated in response to pathogens
Detect presence of antigens
Identify blood groups

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3
Q

What are the research uses of serology?

A

Using antibodies to purify substances

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4
Q

What are the 3 antibody characteristics?

A

Affinity
Avidity
Specificity

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5
Q

What is affinity?

A

Strength of binding of ONE Fab region to the antigen

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6
Q

What is avidity?

A

Number of binding sites x affinity constant (Ka)

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7
Q

What are the two types of immunoassays?

A

Precipitation reactions

Agglutination reactions

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8
Q

What are precipitation reactions?

A

Formation of insoluble visible aggregates of antibodies and soluble antigens

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9
Q

What are agglutination reactions?

A

Formation of visible clumps due to binding of antibodies to large particles or cells

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10
Q

What are the three types of labelled immunoassays?

A

RIA and ELISA
Western blotting
Flow cytometry

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11
Q

What are RIA and ELISA?

A

Detection and quantification of antibody or antigen in aqueous solution

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12
Q

What is western blotting?

A

Detection and quantification of antigens in semi solid medium

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13
Q

What is flow cytometry?

A

Detection and analysis of individual labelled cells

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14
Q

What are radial immunodiffusion used to determine?

A

Relative concentrations of antibody or antigen
Compare antigens
Determine the relative purity of an antigen

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15
Q

What are hemaglutination reactions used for?

A

Blood group typing

Detect titer of viruses

16
Q

What are bacterial agglutination reactions used for?

A

Measure antibody titer in serum
Direct identification of bacteria
Identify bacteria via specific antibodies in serum

17
Q

What are the uses of latex agglutination?

A

Identification based on antibodies in serum

Rapid method

18
Q

What is the principle of RIA (radioimmunoassay)?

A

Antigen-antibody reaction in which radio labelled antigens compete with endogenous antigen for limited binding sites

19
Q

What is the application of RIAs?

A

Detect a variety of antigens, antibodies, hormones and drugs

20
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of RIAs?

A

Adv: highly sensitive, fast, can be automated
Dis: uses radioactivity for detection

21
Q

What is the purpose of ELISAs?

A

Very sensitive test for detection and quantification of antigens or antibodies in complex mixtures?

22
Q

What is the basic principle of ELISA tests?

A

Uses antibodies labelled with enzymes to detect the present of a substrate

23
Q

What are the main steps of an ELISA?

A

Coating/capture
Surface blocking
Probing/detection
Signal measurement

24
Q

What is the principle of a direct ELISA?

A

Detect the presence of a particular ANTIGEN in a sample

25
Q

What is the principle of an indirect ELISA

A

Used to detect the presence of a particular ANTIBODY in a sample

26
Q

What is a sandwich ELISA used for?

A

Detect the presence of a particular ANTIGEN in a sample?

27
Q

What is the principle of a competitive ELISA?

A

Antigen competes for reaction with antibody

28
Q

When would a competitive ELISA be used?

A

When a target has only one epitope

Multiple epitopes which create steric hindrance

29
Q

What is western blotting?

A

Detection of pathogen proteins in a complex mixture through electrophoretic separation

30
Q

What is flow cytometry?

A

Immunoflorescent assay used to determine:
Presence of target
Cell size
Cell granularity

31
Q

What are the 3 molecules used in flow cytometry?

A

CD4 APC
CD8 PE
CD3 FITC

32
Q

What are the benefits of using serology?

A

Antigens and antibodies are easier to detect the pathogens themselves
Antigens and bodies present in large amounts

Infection and immunity (12 decks)

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