Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection and immunity > Pathogens And Immunity > Flashcards

Pathogens And Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three groups of microbes?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the two groups of pathogens?

A

Microbes and parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two groups of parasites?

A

Protozoa

Helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In what ways can pathogens differ from each other? (5)

A 
Structure
Mode of transmission
Replication method
Pathogenic method
Response they elicit from the host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two main characteristics of viruses?

A

Unable to generate energy

Replication depends totally on host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the simplest viruses consist of? (2)

A

Nuclei acid genome

Protein coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does budding viral replication differ from normal replication?

A

Viruses leave the cell without killing the host cell compared to cell lysis normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What types of DNA and RNA can viruses have? (4)

A

Linear
Circular
Gapped circles

Linear (RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three types of viral genome?

A 
Sense strand (+ strand)
Antisense strand (- strand)
Ambisense strand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is unique about a viral genome sense strand?

A

Serves as mRNA and codes directly for proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is unique about a viral genome antisense strand?

A

Needs to be converted into a sense strand (+) before it can be translated into proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is unique about a viral genome ambisense strand?

A

Contains both sense and antisense strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of microorganism?

A

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types of bacterial cell wall?

A

Gram positive

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the differences between gram positive and negative bacteria?

A

Gram negative cell walls contain lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the benefits of cell walls being gram negative?

A

Immunogenicity

Antigenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are characteristics of exotoxins

A

Extremely potent and specific, often targeting crucial host enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

Modified or inactivated toxin that will still stimulate antitoxin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the morphological forms of fungi? (2)

A

Yeast
Hyphae
(Some fungi can switch between both)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Roughly how many fungi are pathogenic to humans?

A

400

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a characteristic of Protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are Protozoa classified?

A

By there mode of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 types of Protozoa?

A

Amoeboids
Flagellates
Ciliates
Phylum sporozoa

23
Q

What are helminths?

A

Worms

24
Q

What are the three types of helminths

A

Flukes
Tapeworms
Roundworms

25
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate and adaptive

26
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity? (4)

A

Rapid response (hours)
Fixed recognition
Limited specificity
No memory

27
Q

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity? (4)

A

Slow response (days to weeks)
Variable recognition
Highly specific
Immunological memory

28
Q

What are the 3 components of the inmate immune system

A

Primary protective barriers
Cells
Molecules

29
Q

What are the components of the adaptive immune system? (2)

A

Cells

Molecules

30
Q

What are the components of blood? (3)

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

31
Q

What are main subgroups of leukocytes? (2)

A

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

32
Q

What are the 4 subgroups of agranlocytes?

A

Lymphocytes
Dendritic cells
Monocytes
Mast cells

33
Q

What are 3 subgroups of granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils

34
Q

What are the 3 cell types in the lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
Natural killer cells

35
Q

How do NK and t lymphocytes kill infected cells?

A

Apoptosis

36
Q

What are the 4 phases of phagocytosis?

A

Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion
Excretion

37
Q

What are professional antigen presenting cells?

A

Cells that present antigens through MHC class II molecules

38
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

39
Q

What is common between both class I and II MHC proteins?

A

Present antigens on cell surface

Membrane bound glycoproteins

40
Q

What characterises class I MHC glycoproteins?

A

Expressed on every nucleated cell

Present only endogenous and intracellular antigens

41
Q

What characterises class II MHC glycoproteins?

A

Expressed only on professional AP cells

Present only exogenous extracellular antigens

42
Q

What does APC stand for?

A

Antigen presenting cells

43
Q

What does endogenous mean?

A

Originating from within the organism

44
Q

What does intracellular mean?

A

Within the cell

45
Q

What does exogenous mean

A

Originating from outside an organism

46
Q

What defines prokaryotic cells?

A

No membrane bound organelles

47
Q

What defines eukaryotic cells?

A

Contains membrane bound organelles

48
Q

How can a pathogens structure be used to recognise it?

A

Recognition patterns on cell surface

49
Q

How do viruses survive?

A

Long latency periods
Quick transfer
Infect several species

50
Q

How do non immune cells respond to viral infections?

A

Express type 1 interferons (A and B) and interleukin 12
Interferons cause increase specific gene impression, degradation of viral RNA and inhibit protein synthesis
Interferons and IL-12 stimulate NK cells

51
Q

How do dendritic cells respond to viral infection?

A

Cause activation of cytotoxic T cells via MHC I

52
Q

How do APC respond to viral infection?

A

Cause the destruction of cells and prevents parts of them on the surface, called MHC II, which leads to helper T cell activation

53
Q

What is the humoral response to viral infection?

A

Antibodies cause neutralisation, prevent viral binding, induce ADCC

When combined with complement cause agglutination, opsonisation and lysis via classical pathway

54
Q

What is the immune response to EXTRAcellular bacteria?

A

Phagocytosis
Humoral response via lysis using opsonisation
Neutralise and clear up toxins

55
Q

What is the response to INTRAcellular bacteria?

A

Cell mediated response using cytotoxic T cells

Infection and immunity (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions