Pathogens And Immunity

Question 0

What are the three groups of microbes?

Answer 0

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi

Question 1

What are the two groups of pathogens?

Answer 1

Microbes and parasites

Question 2

What are the two groups of parasites?

Answer 2

Protozoa

Helminths

Question 3

In what ways can pathogens differ from each other? (5)

Answer 3

Structure
Mode of transmission
Replication method
Pathogenic method
Response they elicit from the host

Question 4

What are the two main characteristics of viruses?

Answer 4

Unable to generate energy

Replication depends totally on host cell

Question 5

What do the simplest viruses consist of? (2)

Answer 5

Nuclei acid genome

Protein coat

Question 6

How does budding viral replication differ from normal replication?

Answer 6

Viruses leave the cell without killing the host cell compared to cell lysis normally

Question 7

What types of DNA and RNA can viruses have? (4)

Answer 7

Linear
Circular
Gapped circles

Linear (RNA)

Question 8

What are the three types of viral genome?

Answer 8

Sense strand (+ strand)
Antisense strand (- strand)
Ambisense strand

Question 9

What is unique about a viral genome sense strand?

Answer 9

Serves as mRNA and codes directly for proteins

Question 10

What is unique about a viral genome antisense strand?

Answer 10

Needs to be converted into a sense strand (+) before it can be translated into proteins

Question 11

What is unique about a viral genome ambisense strand?

Answer 11

Contains both sense and antisense strands

Question 12

What are the two types of microorganism?

Answer 12

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Question 13

What are the two types of bacterial cell wall?

Answer 13

Gram positive

Gram negative

Question 14

What are the differences between gram positive and negative bacteria?

Answer 14

Gram negative cell walls contain lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins)

Question 15

What are the benefits of cell walls being gram negative?

Answer 15

Immunogenicity

Antigenicity

Question 16

What are characteristics of exotoxins

Answer 16

Extremely potent and specific, often targeting crucial host enzymes

Question 17

What is a toxoid?

Answer 17

Modified or inactivated toxin that will still stimulate antitoxin production

Question 18

What are the morphological forms of fungi? (2)

Answer 18

Yeast
Hyphae
(Some fungi can switch between both)

Question 19

Roughly how many fungi are pathogenic to humans?

Answer 19

400

Question 20

What is a characteristic of Protozoa

Answer 20

Unicellular eukaryotes

Question 21

How are Protozoa classified?

Answer 21

By there mode of movement

Question 22

What are the 4 types of Protozoa?

Answer 22

Amoeboids
Flagellates
Ciliates
Phylum sporozoa

Question 23

What are helminths?

Answer 23

Worms

Question 24

What are the three types of helminths

Answer 24

Flukes Tapeworms Roundworms

Question 25

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 25

Innate and adaptive

Question 26

What are the characteristics of innate immunity? (4)

Answer 26

Rapid response (hours) Fixed recognition Limited specificity No memory

Question 27

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity? (4)

Answer 27

Slow response (days to weeks) Variable recognition Highly specific Immunological memory

Question 28

What are the 3 components of the inmate immune system

Answer 28

Primary protective barriers Cells Molecules

Question 29

What are the components of the adaptive immune system? (2)

Answer 29

Cells | Molecules

Question 30

What are the components of blood? (3)

Answer 30

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

Question 31

What are main subgroups of leukocytes? (2)

Answer 31

Agranulocytes | Granulocytes

Question 32

What are the 4 subgroups of agranlocytes?

Answer 32

Lymphocytes Dendritic cells Monocytes Mast cells

Question 33

What are 3 subgroups of granulocytes?

Answer 33

Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils

Question 34

What are the 3 cell types in the lymphocytes

Answer 34

T cells B cells Natural killer cells

Question 35

How do NK and t lymphocytes kill infected cells?

Answer 35

Apoptosis

Question 36

What are the 4 phases of phagocytosis?

Answer 36

Adherence Ingestion Digestion Excretion

Question 37

What are professional antigen presenting cells?

Answer 37

Cells that present antigens through MHC class II molecules

Question 38

What does MHC stand for?

Answer 38

Major histocompatibility complex

Question 39

What is common between both class I and II MHC proteins?

Answer 39

Present antigens on cell surface | Membrane bound glycoproteins

Question 40

What characterises class I MHC glycoproteins?

Answer 40

Expressed on every nucleated cell | Present only endogenous and intracellular antigens

Question 41

What characterises class II MHC glycoproteins?

Answer 41

Expressed only on professional AP cells | Present only exogenous extracellular antigens

Question 42

What does APC stand for?

Answer 42

Antigen presenting cells

Question 43

What does endogenous mean?

Answer 43

Originating from within the organism

Question 44

What does intracellular mean?

Answer 44

Within the cell

Question 45

What does exogenous mean

Answer 45

Originating from outside an organism

Question 46

What defines prokaryotic cells?

Answer 46

No membrane bound organelles

Question 47

What defines eukaryotic cells?

Answer 47

Contains membrane bound organelles

Question 48

How can a pathogens structure be used to recognise it?

Answer 48

Recognition patterns on cell surface

Question 49

How do viruses survive?

Answer 49

Long latency periods Quick transfer Infect several species

Question 50

How do non immune cells respond to viral infections?

Answer 50

Express type 1 interferons (A and B) and interleukin 12 Interferons cause increase specific gene impression, degradation of viral RNA and inhibit protein synthesis Interferons and IL-12 stimulate NK cells

Question 51

How do dendritic cells respond to viral infection?

Answer 51

Cause activation of cytotoxic T cells via MHC I

Question 52

How do APC respond to viral infection?

Answer 52

Cause the destruction of cells and prevents parts of them on the surface, called MHC II, which leads to helper T cell activation

Question 53

What is the humoral response to viral infection?

Answer 53

Antibodies cause neutralisation, prevent viral binding, induce ADCC When combined with complement cause agglutination, opsonisation and lysis via classical pathway

Question 54

What is the immune response to EXTRAcellular bacteria?

Answer 54

Phagocytosis Humoral response via lysis using opsonisation Neutralise and clear up toxins

Question 55

What is the response to INTRAcellular bacteria?

Answer 55

Cell mediated response using cytotoxic T cells