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Infection and immunity > Defences Against Infection > Flashcards

Defences Against Infection Flashcards

0
Q

How do viruses enter the body?

A

Mucosa of Respiratory tract
GI tract
Wound
Insect bite

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1
Q

What is the definition of infection

A

Invasion and multiplication of organisms in body tissues causing local/systemic injury

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2
Q

How do viruses enter a cell?

A

Bind to specific cell surface receptors

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3
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Using cells organelles

Leads to multiple mutations

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4
Q

What methods do viruses use to survive?

A

Long latency periods before illness and death
Transfer during short acute illness
Infect several species

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5
Q

What are immune responses to a virus the first time it is encounter?

A

Infected non immune cells
Infected dendritic cells
Antigen presenting cells

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6
Q

How do non immune cells respond to viral infections?

A

Shows increased expression of class I IFN and IL-12 molecules caused by increased expression, degradation of viral DNA and inhibition of protein synthesis. This stimulates NK cells

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7
Q

What are the immune responses of infected dendritic cells?

A

Activation of CD8 cells via MHC I molecules

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8
Q

What is the response of APCs to viral infections?

A

Phagocytosis of infected cells, presents MHC II on surface, activates T helper cells which activates B cells, CD8 and phagocytes

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9
Q

What is the humoral (antibody) response to viral infections?

A

Prevent binding to cell receptors
Induce ADCC
Inhibit release of progeny virus
Neutralise post binding inside endosome

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10
Q

What are the early non specific responses to viral infection (5)

A 
Fever
Phagocytosis 
Inflammation
NK cell activity
Interferons
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11
Q

What are the cell mediated immune responses? (4)

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Activated macrophages
Lymphokines
ADCC

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12
Q

What is the immune response to extracellular bacterial infections?

A 
Efficient at low bacterial numbers
Predominantly neutrophils and macrophages
Phagocytosis enhanced by opsonisers
Toxin cleanup by Abs
Lysis by compliment
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13
Q

What are the two types of intracellular bacteria?

A

Intravesicular: block merging of endosomes
Cytosolic: break out of endosomes

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14
Q

What are the main defence mechanisms against intracellular bacteria.

A

Cell mediated response
NK cell activation
Delayed type hypersensitivity
CD8 activation

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of cytotoxic T cell activation to intracellular?

A

Intracellular bacteria cause macrophages to apoptosis
Dendritic cells (DC) phagocytose apoptotic cells
Fragments are displayed
Activates T helper cells

16
Q

What are the main immune defences against fungi?

A 
Commensal microorganisms
Anti fungal peptides
pH
NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) by eosinophils and mast cells
Direct lysis
17
Q

What are the 3 fungal PAMPs?

A

Beta glucans (glucose polymers)
Mannans (mannose polymers)
Chitin (N-acetyl glucosamine)

18
Q

How does the humoral immune response work against mycoses?

A

Toxin neutralisation
Prevention of adherence
Opsonisation
ADCC

19
Q

What is the cell mediated response to mycoses?

A

Helper T cells release IFN gamma

Causes macrophage activation which increases phagocytosis

20
Q

What are the problems with host defences against Protozoa?

A

The life cycle of Protozoa causes different responses

Has intracellular and extracellular forms

21
Q

What are immune systems advantages over worms?

A

Worms are predominantly extracellular

22
Q

What are the worms advantages over the immune system?

A

Has both intra and extracellular phases

23
Q

How can a pathogen be identified by its structure?

A

Innate immune system interacting with PAMPs using PRR

24
Q

How can antibodies help fight against toxins?

A

The antibodies will bind to the toxin, preventing it from harming cellular components

25
Q

What is the function of position of the lymph nodes around the body?

A

They may be able to intercept pathogens en route to there final location
They can be located at the target of the pathogen

26
Q

What mechanisms can exist at the site of infection?

A

Vesicular and cytoplasmic components

Epithelial surfaces

27
Q

What mechanisms do viruses employ to survive?

A

Long latency periods
Rapid transfer during short illness
Infect several species

28
Q

What types of cells are professional APC?

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Certain B cells

29
Q

What is the main difference between MHC I and II cell presentation?

A

MHC I are display intracellular components

MHC II are display extracellular components

Infection and immunity (12 decks)

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