sensory systems

Question 1

Functions of the sensory system

Answer 1

provide the CNS with representation of the external and internal environment

Question 2

functions of sensory system- external environment

Answer 2

provides information about the external environment that is crucial for survival (location of food and sources of danger)

Question 3

functions of sensory system- internal environment

Answer 3

state of internal environment constantly monitored as a part of homeostatic feedback

Question 4

somatic senses provide information from the body surface like

Answer 4

touch, pressure, vibration, temp, pain, proprioception

Question 5

what is proprioception

Answer 5

position of the body in space

Question 6

what is nociception

Answer 6

pain receptors that have varying degrees of sensitivity to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli

Question 7

what do visceral senses do

Answer 7

provides information from internal organs that does not reach our consciousness, but is essential for maintenanceof homeostasis

Question 8

example of visceral sense

Answer 8

blood pressure, pH, and temperature

Question 9

what are special senses

Answer 9

receptors that are concentrated on specific organs located on the head

Question 10

example of special sense

Answer 10

olfaction, vision, taste, hearing, and equilibrium

Question 11

our conscious interpretation of the external word as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve impulses delivered from sensory receptors

Answer 11

perception

Question 12

sensory information can be suppressed, attenuated, or ignored and perception can be affected by our past (T/F)

Answer 12

True

Question 13

stimulus

Answer 13

a change detectable by the body

Question 14

stimuli exist in a variety of

Answer 14

energy forms or modalities

Question 15

process of conversion of nonelectrical forms of environmental energy into electrical events that can be transmitted and processed by the NS

Answer 15

sensory transduction

Question 16

adequate stimulus

Answer 16

a stimulus that has the lowest threshold of detection and every sensory receptors has this

Question 17

example of adequate stimulus

Answer 17

photoreceptors in the retina= light
chemoreceptors= pH, O2, smell, and taste
mechnoreceptors= stretch, tissue displacement, and vibration
thermorecpetors= hot/cold
nociceptors

Question 18

the simplest receptors are

Answer 18

free nerve endings (temp and pain)

Question 19

pacinian capsule

Answer 19

connective tissue capsule that surrounds nerve endings

Question 20

stimulation of sensory receptor alters its membrane permeability, leading to a graded

Answer 20

receptor potential (generator potential)

Question 21

receptor potential is

Answer 21

localized depolarization due to an influx of positive charges

Question 22

higher stimulus intensity means a higher

Answer 22

frequency of action potentials in a sensory neuron

Question 23

population coding

Answer 23

it is supplemented by the stems intensity information and it refers to the # of receptors that respond to the same stimulus

Question 24

adaption prevents

Answer 24

a flood of irrelevant sensory information to the CNS

Question 25

what receptor does not adapt to maintained stimuli

Answer 25

nociceptors- can make it more sensitive

Question 26

fast action potential does what to adaption

Answer 26

rapid adaptation

Question 27

a receptor can only transduce a stimulus that is applied to

Answer 27

a restricted area or receptive field of the receptor

Question 28

3 primary sensory neurons overlap to form a

Answer 28

sensory receptive field

Question 29

primary sensory neurons converge where

Answer 29

on one secondary sensory neuron

Question 30

information form the secondary receptive field goes where

Answer 30

the brain

Question 31

convergences allows multiple stimuli to sum where

Answer 31

postsynaptic (secondary) neuron

Question 32

The size of the secondary receptive field determines

Answer 32

how sensitive the given area is to the stimulus

Question 33

two point discrimination varies with

Answer 33

size of the secondary receptive field

Question 34

small areas like fingertips relationship with receptive fields

Answer 34

smaller field, 1:1 relationship between primary and secondary neurons

Question 35

clinically two point discrimination is used

Answer 35

to test the integrity of the dorsal column system

Question 36

what is the dorsal column system

Answer 36

central pathway for touch and proprioception

Question 37

where is the site of decussation for the DCML

Answer 37

level of the medulla

Question 38

spinothalamic (anterolateral) tract function

Answer 38

conveys pain and temperature sensory input

Question 39

where is the site of decussation for the spinothalamic tract

Answer 39

level of the spinal cord

Question 40

clearinghouse for all information that wants to get into the cortex besides olfactory

Answer 40

thalamus

Question 41

DCML and ST relay info via

Answer 41

thalamus

Question 42

what do lesions in somatosensory cortex do

Answer 42

impair somatic sensation, and electrical stimulation evokes somatic sensations in specific parts of the body contralaterally

Question 43

somatotopic map represents

Answer 43

aka homunculus, body surface

Question 44

the amount of cortex representing a given area reflects

Answer 44

importance of the sensory input

Question 45

most common symptoms patients seek medical attention for

Answer 45

pain

Question 46

sensation of pain alerts to

Answer 46

real or impeding tissue injury and triggers appropriate protective responses

Question 47

pain involves what complex experiences

Answer 47

transduction of noxious environmental stimuli and cognitive/emotional processing of the brain

Question 48

delta fibers

Answer 48

relay primary pain, myelinated, and have a larger diameter that C fibers

Question 49

acts as major neurotransmitters in nociceptive pathways

Answer 49

substance P, glutamate, and calcitonin

Question 50

free nerve endings responsible for transduction of painful stimuli express a large array of _____ and ______

Answer 50

receptors and channels

Question 51

transduce into electrical activity by specific ion channels sensitive to heat, mechanical stimuli, protons and cold

Answer 51

noxious stimuli

Question 52

Noxious stimuli pathway

Answer 52

spinal cord- central pathways- cortex

Question 53

TRP (transient receptor potential) channels

Answer 53

most aggressively pursued drug target, modulated by low pH, activated by noxious heat and capsaicin

Question 54

chronic exposure to capsaicin can cause

Answer 54

degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers

Question 55

capsaicin exposure

Answer 55

first stimulates, then desensitizes TRPV1 channel

Question 56

chronic nociceptive pain can be referred to as

Answer 56

inflammatory pain

Question 57

nociceptive pain is caused by

Answer 57

tissue injury and stimulation of nociceptors

Question 58

components of "inflammatory soup"

Answer 58

bradykinin, prostaglandins, serotonin, nerve growth factor, ATP, H+

Question 59

what does inflammatory soup do

Answer 59

activates specific receptors of nocioceptive fibers igniting neurogenic inflammation

Question 60

nociceptive fibers relay painful stimuli to brain and participate in inflammatory response

Answer 60

neurogenic inflammation

Question 61

stimulation of C fibers releases

Answer 61

substance p and calcitonin gene

Question 62

what does substance P and calcitonin gene release do

Answer 62

induce vasodilation, leakage of proteins and fluid from blood vessels, edema, activation of mast cells,

Question 63

what is substance P

Answer 63

peptide neurotransmitter that functions as the vomitting center in the medulla

Question 64

substance P receptor

Answer 64

Neurokinin 1

Question 65

substance P works with what in the nociceptive pathway

Answer 65

calcitonin and glutamate

Question 66

Brain has a built in

Answer 66

analgesic system

Question 67

stimulation of the analgesic pathway leads to release of

Answer 67

endogenous opioids