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BIOLOGY 1208 > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory system

A

detects stimuli from the external environment

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2
Q

Receptor cells

A

Specialized cells that transduce stimuli to changes in action potential
can be specialized neurons or specialized sensory cells that have a synapse with a neuron

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3
Q

Different types of sensory cells

A

Mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptor, photoreceptor, nociceptor, Thermoreceptor

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4
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Respond to physical deformation of the cell membrane from mechanical energy like pressure

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5
Q

chemoreceptor

A

Respond to certain chemicals, which are often dissolved in a specific membrane, such as mucous

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6
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to radiant energy

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7
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to noxious stimuli, anything causing tissue damage

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8
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Respond to temperature

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9
Q

All bilaterally symmetrical animals have…

A

A sensory system

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10
Q

somatosensation

A

sense of pain, temp, pressure

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11
Q

Degree of a stimulus encoded via three ways

A

Frequency of Action Potential fired by sensory receptors
Number of receptors activated by stimuli
Specific receptors are activated

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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors contain…

A

Mechanically-gated ion channels that open in response to pressure, touch, sound

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13
Q

Merkels disk

A

responds to light touch

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14
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle, Ruffini’s ending, Krause end bulb, Pacinian corpuscle

A

Encapsulated

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15
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

Responds to harder touch, low-frequency vibrations

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16
Q

Ruffini’s ending

A

responds to warmth, stretching, deformation within oints

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17
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Detects transient pressure and high-frequency vibrations

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18
Q

Krause end bulb

A

Detects cold temperatures

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19
Q

Because sound waves are mechanical waves and exert pressure…

A

They’re detected by mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

Outer Ear

A
  • Sound waves collected by the outer cartilaginous part of the ear
  • Wave travels through auditory canal, causes vibration of the eardrum (Tympanic membrane)
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21
Q

Middle ear

A

The eardrum transmits sound to the middle ear by vibrating ossicles

  • 3 small bones collect force and amplify sounds
  • 3 ossicles unique to mammals
22
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • Ossicles transmit sound to the thin membrane called the oval window
  • Outermost structure of inner ear
  • Vibrations of oval window create pressure waves in the fluid-filled cochlea which contains receptors for transduction of wave into an action potential
23
Q

Inside the cochlea…

A

Basilar membrane contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that can transduce waves into action potentials

24
Q

Basilar membrane…

A

Vibrates in response to pressure waves, which causes it to press hair cells against the tectorial membrane which bends hair cells. This initiates action potentials in Afferent neurons

25
Q

Different regions of the basilar membrane

A

vibrate in response to different frequencies, with stiffer regions for high frequencies and more flexible regions for lower frequencies

26
Q

Stereocilia

A

Extend off of hair cell

27
Q

Intensity

A

How many hair cells activated

28
Q

Vestibular system

A

Stimuli are associated with gravity (linear acceleration) and angular acceleration and deceleration (balance system baby!!!)

29
Q

Detected by evaluating…

A

inertia of detector cells

30
Q

Two ways of detection in the vestibular system

A

Calcium carbonate crystals and Cupula, both involve hair cells and stereocilia

31
Q

Invertebrates detect balance through

A

a structure called a statocyst

32
Q

Statocyst

A

Ball-shaped structure lined with internal hair cells and statoliths, tiny balls of debris that bend the hair cells in the structure.

33
Q

Photoreceptors contain…

A

light-absorbing Pigment called retinal and opsin proteins that can vary, retinal stays the same

34
Q

different types of eyes amongst animals

A

Eye cups, compound eyes, pinhole eyes, and simple eyes

35
Q

Eye cups

A

In flatworms, little dimples that contain photoreceptors that tell the worm the direction of the source of the light is

36
Q

Compound eyes

A

Eyes of arthropods which contain many lense and can detect shapes, patterns and movement

37
Q

Pinhole eyes

A

In nautilus, contain no lens and forms simple low res images. living 144p

38
Q

Simple eyes

A

Eyes of other cephalopods and vertebrates. Contains a single lens and forms high res images.

39
Q

Vertebrate eyes contain

A

Sclera, cornea, Iris, lens, and retina

40
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outer layer of the eye. THE WHITES

41
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent membrane of connective tissue. Works with lense to focus light on the retina

42
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented ring of muscle controlling the amount of light entering the eye

43
Q

Retina

A

Thin layer of photoreceptors and neurons in the eye

44
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Intermediate connecting neurons in the retina

45
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Neurons whose axons project to the brain via the optic nerve

46
Q

Fovea

A

Site of the retina with only cones, area of highest visual res

47
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Axons of the ganglion cells

48
Q

Retinal

A

Pigment in photoreceptor cells and in opsin proteins

49
Q

Rhodopsin

A

a complex system of opsin and retinal. Changes shape when hit by photons of light. Allows detection of light and color

50
Q

Opsin

A

Holds pigment and changes shape with it. Responsible for color detection and hues, Short, medium, and long wavelengths, rods and cones

BIOLOGY 1208 (12 decks)

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