Sensory Systems

Question 1

Sensory system

Answer 1

detects stimuli from the external environment

Question 2

Receptor cells

Answer 2

Specialized cells that transduce stimuli to changes in action potential
can be specialized neurons or specialized sensory cells that have a synapse with a neuron

Question 3

Different types of sensory cells

Answer 3

Mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptor, photoreceptor, nociceptor, Thermoreceptor

Question 4

Mechanoreceptor

Answer 4

Respond to physical deformation of the cell membrane from mechanical energy like pressure

Question 5

chemoreceptor

Answer 5

Respond to certain chemicals, which are often dissolved in a specific membrane, such as mucous

Question 6

Photoreceptors

Answer 6

Respond to radiant energy

Question 7

Nociceptors

Answer 7

Respond to noxious stimuli, anything causing tissue damage

Question 8

Thermoreceptor

Answer 8

Respond to temperature

Question 9

All bilaterally symmetrical animals have…

Answer 9

A sensory system

Question 10

somatosensation

Answer 10

sense of pain, temp, pressure

Question 11

Degree of a stimulus encoded via three ways

Answer 11

Frequency of Action Potential fired by sensory receptors
Number of receptors activated by stimuli
Specific receptors are activated

Question 12

Mechanoreceptors contain…

Answer 12

Mechanically-gated ion channels that open in response to pressure, touch, sound

Question 13

Merkels disk

Answer 13

responds to light touch

Question 14

Meissner’s corpuscle, Ruffini’s ending, Krause end bulb, Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 14

Encapsulated

Question 15

Meissner’s corpuscle

Answer 15

Responds to harder touch, low-frequency vibrations

Question 16

Ruffini’s ending

Answer 16

responds to warmth, stretching, deformation within oints

Question 17

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 17

Detects transient pressure and high-frequency vibrations

Question 18

Krause end bulb

Answer 18

Detects cold temperatures

Question 19

Because sound waves are mechanical waves and exert pressure…

Answer 19

They’re detected by mechanoreceptors

Question 20

Outer Ear

Answer 20

• Sound waves collected by the outer cartilaginous part of the ear
• Wave travels through auditory canal, causes vibration of the eardrum (Tympanic membrane)

Question 21

Middle ear

Answer 21

The eardrum transmits sound to the middle ear by vibrating ossicles

• 3 small bones collect force and amplify sounds
• 3 ossicles unique to mammals

Question 22

Inner Ear

Answer 22

• Ossicles transmit sound to the thin membrane called the oval window
• Outermost structure of inner ear
• Vibrations of oval window create pressure waves in the fluid-filled cochlea which contains receptors for transduction of wave into an action potential

Question 23

Inside the cochlea…

Answer 23

Basilar membrane contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that can transduce waves into action potentials

Question 24

Basilar membrane…

Answer 24

Vibrates in response to pressure waves, which causes it to press hair cells against the tectorial membrane which bends hair cells. This initiates action potentials in Afferent neurons

Question 25

Different regions of the basilar membrane

Answer 25

vibrate in response to different frequencies, with stiffer regions for high frequencies and more flexible regions for lower frequencies

Question 26

Stereocilia

Answer 26

Extend off of hair cell

Question 27

Intensity

Answer 27

How many hair cells activated

Question 28

Vestibular system

Answer 28

Stimuli are associated with gravity (linear acceleration) and angular acceleration and deceleration (balance system baby!!!)

Question 29

Detected by evaluating...

Answer 29

inertia of detector cells

Question 30

Two ways of detection in the vestibular system

Answer 30

Calcium carbonate crystals and Cupula, both involve hair cells and stereocilia

Question 31

Invertebrates detect balance through

Answer 31

a structure called a statocyst

Question 32

Statocyst

Answer 32

Ball-shaped structure lined with internal hair cells and statoliths, tiny balls of debris that bend the hair cells in the structure.

Question 33

Photoreceptors contain...

Answer 33

light-absorbing Pigment called retinal and opsin proteins that can vary, retinal stays the same

Question 34

different types of eyes amongst animals

Answer 34

Eye cups, compound eyes, pinhole eyes, and simple eyes

Question 35

Eye cups

Answer 35

In flatworms, little dimples that contain photoreceptors that tell the worm the direction of the source of the light is

Question 36

Compound eyes

Answer 36

Eyes of arthropods which contain many lense and can detect shapes, patterns and movement

Question 37

Pinhole eyes

Answer 37

In nautilus, contain no lens and forms simple low res images. living 144p

Question 38

Simple eyes

Answer 38

Eyes of other cephalopods and vertebrates. Contains a single lens and forms high res images.

Question 39

Vertebrate eyes contain

Answer 39

Sclera, cornea, Iris, lens, and retina

Question 40

Sclera

Answer 40

Tough outer layer of the eye. THE WHITES

Question 41

Cornea

Answer 41

The transparent membrane of connective tissue. Works with lense to focus light on the retina

Question 42

Iris

Answer 42

Pigmented ring of muscle controlling the amount of light entering the eye

Question 43

Retina

Answer 43

Thin layer of photoreceptors and neurons in the eye

Question 44

Bipolar cells

Answer 44

Intermediate connecting neurons in the retina

Question 45

Ganglion cells

Answer 45

Neurons whose axons project to the brain via the optic nerve

Question 46

Fovea

Answer 46

Site of the retina with only cones, area of highest visual res

Question 47

Optic Nerve

Answer 47

Axons of the ganglion cells

Question 48

Retinal

Answer 48

Pigment in photoreceptor cells and in opsin proteins

Question 49

Rhodopsin

Answer 49

a complex system of opsin and retinal. Changes shape when hit by photons of light. Allows detection of light and color

Question 50

Opsin

Answer 50

Holds pigment and changes shape with it. Responsible for color detection and hues, Short, medium, and long wavelengths, rods and cones