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BIOLOGY 1208 > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

The nervous system is made of…

A

Neurons and Glia cells

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2
Q

Neurons

A

specialized cells that can receive and send electrical and chemical signals

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3
Q

Glia cells

A

Provide support functions to neurons

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4
Q

Action Potentials

A

Electrical signals that travel along the axon of a neuron

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical signals that travel along the synapse and induce a change in membrane potential in the postsynaptic cell

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

Little branches off the main body of the neuron, receive neurotransmitters from other neurons

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7
Q

Synapses

A

Specialized junctions between neurons where they send and receive information

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8
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Integrates multiple signals from other neurons. Serves as a junction between body and axon

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9
Q

Axon

A

Tubelike structures that specialize in carrying signals to specialized ends are called axon terminals.

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10
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath where the action potentials recharge as it travels down the axon

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11
Q

Types of Glia cells

A

MicroGlia, Astrocytes, Sattelite Glia, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and Ependymal cells

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12
Q

Most Brain tumors are caused by…

A

Mutated glia cells

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Provide neurons with nutrients and other substances
  • Regulate concentration of ions and chemicals in extracellular fluid
  • Form a blood-brain barrier to block toxic substances from entering
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14
Q

Sattelite Glia

A

Nutrients and structure support in Peripheral Nervous system

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15
Q

Microglia

A
  • Immune system of the central nervous system

* Scavenge and degrade dead cells and invading microorganisms

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16
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Form myelin sheaths along the axon

* One oligodendrocyte can provide a myelin sheath for multiple neurons

17
Q

Schwann Cell

A
  • Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

* A single Schwann cell provides myelin for only one axon as the entire cell surrounds the axon

18
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Line fluid-filled ventricles on the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
  • Help circulate cerebrospinal fluid, which serves as a cushion for the brain
19
Q

Resting phase

A

Membrane potential in a neuron that is currently not transmitting a signal

20
Q

Action Potential

A

Brief depolarization along the axon

All or nothing

21
Q

Membrane potential at rest is around

A

-70 mV

22
Q

Resting membrane potential is established by…

A

Ion channels and pumps

23
Q

Sodium-Potassium ion pump

A

Pumps in 2 K+ ions and pumps out 3 Na+ ions. Uses ATP. important for maintaining electrogradient

24
Q

Potassium Leak channel

A

Allows potassium to leak outside of the cell

25
Q

Depolarization

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open quickly after threshold potential is reached. Sodium begins to rush into the axon, making it more positive (around 30mV)

26
Q

Repolarization

A

The Voltage-gated Na+ channel shuts and remains closed. Voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ rushes out of the axon, causing the axon to become more negative, repolarizing

27
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

K+ continues to leave to the point where the axon below the resting potential

28
Q

Reset Resting Potential

A

Pumps and Ion channels work to reestablish resting potential for another Action potential to fire

29
Q

The action potential travels down the axon in…

A

waves

30
Q

Why don’t Action Potentials go backward?

A

Voltage-gated ion channels like Na+ are shut and the hyperpolarization of previous action potential prevents backward movement of action potentials

31
Q

One node to another is called

A

Saltatory Conduction

32
Q

Once an action potential reaches the end of an Axon

A

The end of the axon depolarizes, this causes Voltage-gated Calcium channels to open. Calcium triggers a signaling cascade that causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane, which releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

33
Q

Excitatory Post-synaptic Potentials

A

Make neurons more likely to fire an action potential (depolarize)

34
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

Make neurons less likely to fire an action potential (hyperpolarize)

35
Q

What gives the membrane of neurons their negative charge

A

The outflow of K+ ions results in the negative charge within the cell

BIOLOGY 1208 (12 decks)

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