Fungi

Question 1

How long ago did fungi arise

Answer 1

1.3 billion years

Question 2

Are fungi more related to plants or animals?

Answer 2

Fungi are more closely related to animals

Question 3

All Fungi have 2 things

Answer 3

1. A cell wall made of chitin

2. They externally digest their food

Question 4

Fungi cell walls are made of

Answer 4

Complex polysaccharides Chitin and Glucans

Question 5

Purpose of fungal cell wall

Answer 5

Provide structure, protection, and prevent fungal cells from desiccation (drying out)

Question 6

The vegetative state of fungi is made of what

Answer 6

Hyphae

Question 7

Hyphae

Answer 7

Allow for the rapid flow of nutrients and minerals needed for the survival of the fungi

Question 8

A network of hyphae is known as a

Answer 8

Mycelium

Question 9

Armillaria Solidipes

Answer 9

A fungus humungous. Biggest fungus

Question 10

Ideal environment for fungi

Answer 10

moist and acidic environments

Question 11

Facultative Anaerobe

Answer 11

Do best in oxygen-rich environments, but can survive in anaerobic environments

Question 12

Ways in which fungi asexually reproduces

Answer 12

Budding, Fragmentation, and Spores

Question 13

Fragmentation

Answer 13

Fragments of hyphae can grow into new colonies

Question 14

Sporangium

Answer 14

A reproductive sac that holds spores in fungi

Question 15

3 stages of sexual reproduction in fungi

Answer 15

1. Plasmogamy
2. karyogamy
3. Meiosis

Question 16

Plasmogamy

Answer 16

“union of cytoplasm”

2 haploid cells fuse together and form a dikaryotic cell

Question 17

karyogamy

Answer 17

“Nuclear Union”

The two haploid nuclei fuse together to form a diploid zygote nucleus

Question 18

Meiosis

Answer 18

the newly formed diploid produces gametes spores via meiosis

Question 19

Mycorrhizae

Answer 19

A mutualistic system between the mycelium of fungi and roots of a plant

Question 20

What do fungi secrete in order to digest their food

Answer 20

hydrolytic enzymes that break down complex molecules

Question 21

Example of mutualistic relationship in the animal kingdom

Answer 21

Termites have gut fungi to break down wood, allowing both to get energy

Question 22

Chitin-rich walls enhance feeding by absorption. Why is this?

Answer 22

It prevents the cells from bursting via the large influxes of water due to all the minerals being absorbed by the mycelium

Question 23

Septa

Answer 23

cross-walls that divide the hyphae into cells. Have pores that allow things to flow from cell to cell

Question 24

Fungi that lack septa are called

Answer 24

coenocytic Fungi

Question 25

Coenocytic fungi consist of

Answer 25

a continuous cytoplasmic mass-generated due to the lack of cytokinesis in cellular division

Question 26

Mycelium increase surface area to volume ratio in order to

Answer 26

Increase their feeding efficiency

Question 27

Arbuscules

Answer 27

Specialized hyphae that can exchange nutrients with living plant cells. In the plant cell but remain separate from the plasma membrane

Question 28

Haustoria

Answer 28

Specialized Hyphae that enable fungi to extract nutrients from plants

Question 29

2 types of mycorrhizae

Answer 29

ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae

Question 30

Ectomycorrhizae

Answer 30

Fungi forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots. Mainly done by Basidiomycota

Question 31

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Answer 31

Hyphae form Arbuscules with plant root cells. Mainly done by glomeromycota

Question 32

Heterokaryon

Answer 32

Different nuclei

Question 33

Deuteromycetes

Answer 33

Fungi that lack sexual reproduction

Question 34

Fungi evolved from

Answer 34

Flagellated protist

Question 35

Animals, Fungi, and their flagellated protist ancestors for the clade

Answer 35

Opisthoronts

Question 36

Nuclearlids

Answer 36

closest protist relative to Fungi

Question 37

Fungal Diversity

Answer 37

cryptomycota, Chyrtidmycota, Zygomycota, glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Question 38

cryptomycota

Answer 38

One of the earliest fungal groups or a sister group to fungi. lack chitin cell walls

Question 39

Chyrtids

Answer 39

The earliest fungal group with chitin cell walls. has spores with the flagellum. Can be mutualistic, parasites, and decomposers

Question 40

zygomycetes

Answer 40

Includes species of fast-growing mold, parasites, and the symbiote. Have sporangia and form a zygosporangium in sexual reproduction. Are coenocytic. Septa only found in reproductive cells

Question 41

Zygosporangium

Answer 41

Zygomycetes only really sexually reproduce when their environment gets extreme. In sexual reproduction, they form a zygosporangium, which acts like an endospore and only releases spores when the environment is suitable for the fungi

Question 42

Glomeromycetes

Answer 42

Originally thought to be zygomycetes. Form arbuscules in plant roots. 80% of plants have a partnership with glomeromycetes

Question 43

Ascomycetes

Answer 43

* A key feature is the production of spores in sac-like asci (ascospores). Known as sac fungi. * The fruiting body is known as an ascocarp * 25% of lichen * In plants, lives between mesophyll cells in leaves, releases toxins to repel insects * spores produced in Conidophores and are called conidia. They form chains for wind dispersal

Question 44

Basidiomycetes

Answer 44

Club Fungi * Form ectomycorrhizae * Includes two plant parasites, Rust and Smuts * fruiting body is called Basidiocarps * Mycelium in Dikaryotic stage