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NOSS > Sensory organs > Flashcards

Sensory organs Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the olfactory organ found and what doe it do here?

A
  • olfactory mucosa in dorsocaudal nasal cavity
  • Covers lateral wall and ethmoidal conchae here
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2
Q

How can the olfactory organ be distinguished histologically?

A
  • by presence of olfactory neuronal cells
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3
Q

Why is sense of smell better in domestic animals?

A
  • there are more neuronal cells = larger SA
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4
Q

What do concha do?

A
  • divide up areas
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5
Q

What type of epithelium covers concha?

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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6
Q

Normal respiration is directed through …

A
  • respiratory pathways
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7
Q

Sniffing to try and smell something is directed through ….

A

= olfactory pathways
– dorsal caudal nasal area so it can go to olfactory area

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8
Q

Olfactory neurone dendrites reach what? and do what?

A
  • epithelium
  • Present cilia (hair-like projections) into cavity beyond epithelium and mucosa
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9
Q

Axons combine to form what (olfactory)?

A
  • combine to form the fascicles of the olfactory nerve
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10
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve pass through?

A
  • Pass through cribriform plate to connect directly to olfactory bulb on brain
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11
Q

Olfactory (bowman’s) glands are below what?

A
  • epithelium
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12
Q

What do olfactory glands contain?

A
  • Lipid-rich fluid mucus to bind odorants
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13
Q

What happens after odorants dissolve in the olfactory gland?

A
  • reach sensory receptors
  • Wash away odour particles (to nasopharynx to be swallowed) so new smells can be sensed
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14
Q

If there is humidify epithelium what happens?

A

= more intense smells

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15
Q

What is expressed per olfactory neurone cell?

A
  • only one receptor is expressed per olfactory neurone cell
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16
Q

What are receptors like in olfactory cells?

A
  • not very specific to odour molecules (different molecules can all trigger same receptor infinity,).
  • There is an infinity so some have a preference
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17
Q

Olfactory cells from synapses with what?

A
  • with mitral cells in olfactory bulb
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18
Q

What are there multiple of in a mitral cell?

A
  • multiple olfactory neurones per mitral cell in a tuft (glomerulus) of nerve endings coming together
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19
Q

What do mitral cells do?

A
  • Mitral cell links to one type of olfactory receptor
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20
Q

What does the brain compare to distinguish the overall odour?

A
  • Brain compares signal frequency from different mitral cells to distinguish the overall odour
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21
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ? (Jacobson’s)

A
  • accessory olfactory system
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22
Q

Where is the vomeronasal organ found?

A
  • the nasal cavity
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23
Q

Describe the structure of the vomeronasal organ?

A
  • Two narrow parallel ducts
  • Embedded in hard palate
  • End blindly (caudally)
  • Open into incisive ducts (rostrally)
  • Part-lined by olfactory mucosa
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24
Q

What connects the oral and nasal cavities through hard palate?

A
  • Incisive ducts
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25
Q

What is absent in equids?

A
  • oral opening
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26
Q

What does the vomeronasal organ do?

A
  • Detects pheromones
    = ‘sexual nose’
  • role in reproductive and social behaviours
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27
Q

What is the flehmen reaction?

A
  • detection of oestrus by males
    following birth and interaction with newborn
  • interesting smells
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28
Q

Taste receptor cell only have a single type of what?

A
  • receptor type
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29
Q

Where are sensory cells derived from?

A
  • epithelium cells
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30
Q

What is taste receptors innervated by?

A
  • Innervated by sensory nerve fibres from CN VII and IX (facial and glossopharyngeal nn.)
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31
Q

What do gustatory inputs link to?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • brain stem
  • limbic system
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32
Q

What role does the cerebral cortex have?

A
  • conscious perception of taste and smell
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33
Q

What role does the brainstem have?

A
  • unconscious reflexes e.g. salivation, digestive juices, pre-absorptive insulin release
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34
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A
  • emotional response
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35
Q

What is aroma?

A

= Taste + smell
- Including olfactory input from nasopharynx as food chewed

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36
Q

What does the eye detect?

A
  • light info
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37
Q

How is light info sent from the eye to the brain?

A
  • Sent to brain via CN II (optic n.)
38
Q

How is light focused onto the retina?

A
  • Light passes through transparent parts (the refractive media) which focus light onto retina at back of eye
  • Cornea -> aqueous humour -> lens -> vitreous humour
39
Q

What are the three layers of the eye called?

A
  • tunicae
40
Q

What is the innermost layer (tunica) of the eye?

A
  • the retina
41
Q

What does the retina do?

A
  • Connected to brain
  • Converts light information to nerve signal
42
Q

What is the middle layer of the eye?

A
  • vascular tunic
43
Q

What does the vascular tunic contain?

A
  • Contains blood vessels
  • Also structures that hold the lens, regulate pupil size, and produce fluid that fills the eyeball
44
Q

What is the outer layer of the eye called?

A
  • the fibrous tunic
45
Q

what is the fibrous tunic?

A
  • Dense, tough collagen tissue
  • Protects and holds the eyeball’s shape
  • Extraocular muscles attach here to move eye
46
Q

What is within the fibrous tunic?

A
  • Scalera
  • cornea
47
Q

What is within the vascular tunic?

A
  • iris
  • ciliary body
  • choroid
48
Q

What is within the retina?

A
  • pigmented layer
  • neural layer
49
Q

What does the innermost eye layer grow directly from?

A
  • the neural tube
50
Q

The retina has two layers - what are they and what do they do?

A
  • Pigmented layer (prevents light scattering)
  • Nervous layer (contains photoreceptors, neurones)
51
Q

What doe incoming light stimulate in the retina?

A
  • stimulates opsin proteins in receptor cells (rods & cones)
52
Q

What are rods used for?

A
  • night vision
  • B&W (Rhodopsin)
53
Q

What are cones used for?

A
  • day vision
  • colour (Photopsins)
54
Q

Signals from receptor cells are transmitted back through retinal sub-layers to what?

A
  • the ganglionic cell layer
55
Q

What converge in the optic nerve?

A
  • axons
56
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A
  • takes info to brain
57
Q

The ear is composed of what?

A
  • outer ear
  • middle ear
  • inner ear
58
Q

The outer ear is located where?

A
  • mostly outside of skull
59
Q

What makes up the outer ear?

A
  • The pinna (aka auricle) – skin and cartilage
  • Auricular muscles
  • Ear canal (external auditory meatus)
60
Q

Where does the outer ear end?

A
  • Ends at ear drum (tympanic membrane)
61
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A
  • Directs and transmits sound to the middle ear
62
Q

How is the middle ear separated from the outer ear?

A
  • by the tympanic membrane
63
Q

What do sound waves in the middle ear cause?

A
  • cause the membrane to vibrate and transmits vibrations to middle ear ossicles (3 middle bones)
64
Q

What are ossicles?

A
  • a chain of 3 small bones
65
Q

What do ossicles do?

A

Transmit and amplify vibrations to oval window of inner ear

66
Q

What do equids have that is unique to their ear?

A
  • have outpouchings of the auditory tubes connecting middle ear to pharynx
67
Q

What is the function of equid outpouching?

A
  • may function in brain cooling
68
Q

How are guttural pouches divided into a medial and lateral compartments?

A

by the stylohyoid bone

69
Q

Where is the inner ear housed?

A
  • within the temporal bone of the skull
70
Q

What is the inner ear?

A
  • its a membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph
  • Surrounded by bony labyrinth, filled with perilymph
71
Q

What are the two functions of the inner ear?

A
  • Hearing by the cochlea (and cochlear duct)
  • Balance by the vestibular system (saccule, utricule, and semicircular ducts)
72
Q

The cochlear canal is divided into three parts - what are these?

A
  • The cochlear duct
  • The scala vestubuli
  • The scala tympani
73
Q

Where do the two scala communicate?

A
  • at the tip of the cochlea’s spiral (the helicotrema)
74
Q

As the stapes vibrates in the oval window what happens?

A
  • it compresses the perilymph in the scala vestibuli
75
Q

How do pressure waves travel in the cochlea?

A
  • The pressure wave travels through the scala vestibuli and continues into the scala tympani
76
Q

What do pressure waves travelling in the ear cause?

A
  • This causes part of the basilar membrane to vibrate, moving the hair cells relative to the tectorial membrane
77
Q

Hair cells in the ear send impulses how and where?

A
  • send impulses along the (vestibulo) cochlear nerve to the brain
78
Q

What part of the inner ear is responsible for sensing balance and movement?

A
  • the vestibular
79
Q

What is found within the inner ear?

A
  • Three semicircular canals
  • Enlargements of the membranous labyrinth: saccule and utricle
80
Q

What do the semi-circular canals detect?

A
  • rotations of the head
81
Q

What do the saccule and utricle detect?

A
  • linear accelerations
82
Q

How is information carried from the vestibular to the brain?

A
  • Information is carried by the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain
83
Q

How are the three canals structured?

A
  • roughly perpendicular to one another
84
Q

Each canal can detect rotation around a directional axis - what are these?

A
  • Pitch
  • Roll
  • Yaw
85
Q

Why can an animal sense 3D rotations of its head?

A
  • Because there are 3 canals at right angles
86
Q

Rotations cause what current inside canal?

A
  • endolymph current
87
Q

What is found in the ampulla of the canal?

A
  • moving hair cells
88
Q

What are the saccule and utricle?

A
  • they are are expansions of the membranous labyrinth
89
Q

What do the saccule and utricle contain?

A
  • They contain hair cells in thickened patches (maculae)
  • Covered with a gel-like layer containing otolith crystals
90
Q

What movement happens in the saccule and utricle and what does this do?

A
  • endolymph movement bends the hairs and information about movement is transmitted via the vestibulocochlear nerve
91
Q

What can the saccule and utricle do?

A
  • Detect linear accelerations
  • E.g. Gravity, longitudinal and vertical movements

NOSS (7 decks)

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