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NOSS > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ANS?

A
  • a diffuse system that innervates
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2
Q

What does the ANS innervate?

A
  • visceral structures
  • glandular myoepithelium
  • fat
  • vasculature and cardiac tissue
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3
Q

The ANS has what components?

A
  • afferent
  • central
  • efferent
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4
Q

What do afferent and efferent neurons often both use?

A
  • the same pathways
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5
Q

What can afferent visceral axons also use to travel?

A
  • somatic spinal nerves to reach the CNS
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6
Q

What is normally talked about when taking about the ANS?

A
  • general visceral efferent innervations
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7
Q

Is the autonomic NS voluntary or involuntary?

A
  • involuntary
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8
Q

What does the ANS aim to do?

A
  • aims to preserve a constant internal environment
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9
Q

How can the ANS be divided?

A
  • functionally
  • anatomically
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10
Q

What are the two division’s of the ANS?

A
  • parasympathetic system
  • sympathetic system
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11
Q

What is the parasympathetic system?

A
  • rest and digest functions - conserve energy
  • arising from the brain and sacral spinal cord
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12
Q

What is the sympathetic system?

A
  • fight or flight - requires energy
  • arising from the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord
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13
Q

Each organ will receive innervation from both what?

A
  • both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve axons
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14
Q

What does sympathetic dominance cause?

A
  • increasing heart rate
  • decreased gut motility
  • dilating pupils
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15
Q

What does parasympathetic dominance cause?

A
  • reduced heart rate
  • increased gut motility
  • constricted pupils
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16
Q

Balance between two systems determines overall effect - what does dual innervation allow?

A
  • precise control over internal systems
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17
Q

Some organs only receive sympathetic innervation - what are these?

A
  • Liver
  • vessels in muscle
  • cutaneous and visceral vessels
  • piloerector muscles
  • sweat glands
  • adipose cells
  • adrenal medulla
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18
Q

The autonomic nerve pathway consists of a 2- neurone chain?

A
  • synapse in a ganglion
  • post-ganglionic neuron (usually) unmyelinated
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19
Q

Post-ganglionic (post-synaptic) nerves release different neurotransmitters - what are these?

A
  • norepinephrine
  • acetylcholine
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20
Q

What can each neurotransmitter have?

A
  • a different receptor type
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21
Q

Different effects caused by a combination of different neurotransmitters and receptors - what can these be?

A
  • can excite or inhibit target cells
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22
Q

First efferent neurones synapse outside as a ganglia (pre-ganglionic) then what happens?

A
  • then goes to post ganglionic neuron which is unmyelinated = slower conduction
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23
Q

What is the advantage of 2-neurone setup?

A
  • shifting neurons into the periphery conserves space in the CNS (limited space due to bones)
  • non-myelination axons are slower, but more metabolically efficient (conserves energy)
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24
Q

What happens when neurons are moved into the periphery? and what is a disadvantage of this?

A
  • cell bodies are grouped into periphery pre-vertebral and paravertebral ganglia
  • a disadvantage is reduced brain control, but visceral organs have a limited repertoire of actions
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25
Q

As there is non-myelination in a 2-neuron setup axons are slower why is this not an issue?

A
  • reduced conduction speed not really an issues with smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion
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26
Q

Where are the main control centres for the ANS located?

A
  • in the hypothalamus
  • also connected to brainstem centres that regulate cardiovascular and respiratory function
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27
Q

What does the rostral hypothalamus influence?

A
  • parasympathetic system
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28
Q

What does the caudal hypothalamus influence?

A
  • sympathetic system
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29
Q

Other parts can influence but not command the control centres what are examples of this?

A
  • E.g. cerebrum and limbic system (e.g. fear causing piloerection)
  • E.g. olfactory stimulation causing drooling
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30
Q

What are the components of the reflex arcs?

A
  • sensory receptor
  • sensory neurone (GVA) - general visceral afferent neurone
  • integrating centre
  • pre-post ganglionic motor neurons (GVA)
  • visceral effectors
31
Q

unconscious sensations include the regulation of what?

A
  • blood pressure
  • digestion
  • urination
  • defecation
32
Q

Where does the sympathetic NS originate from?

A
  • originates from lateral/intermediate horn of thoracolumbar spinal cord
33
Q

Where does the sympathetic NS leave?

A
  • leaves via ventral roots around T1 to L3/4
34
Q

The sympathetic NS synapse in …

A
  • Paired chain of ganglia alongside vertebral column (the sympathetic trunk aka sympathetic ganglion chain) OR
  • Median prevertebral ganglia in the dorsal thoracic and abdominal cavities
35
Q

Due to the way sympathetic NS synapses what does this mean for axons?

A
  • has short preganglionic and long post-ganglionic axons
36
Q

What is released from post-ganglionic neurones in the sympathetic NS?

A
  • norepinephrine
  • And also specialised postganglionic neurones in the adrenal medulla, into bloodstream
37
Q

The sympathetic trunk - where do the presynaptic sympathetic neuron’s leave?

A
  • leaves the vertebral foramen with the spinal nerve
38
Q

Where do rami communicans branch from?

A
  • spinal nerve
39
Q

What do rami communicans (RC) do?

A
  • coney sympathetic axons between the spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk
40
Q

Norepinephrine is what system?

A
  • sympathetic
41
Q

Acetylcholine is what system?

A
  • parasympathetic
42
Q

White RC carry what?

A
  • carry presynaptic (myelinated) sympathetic neurons to the ganglia
43
Q

What do grey RC carry?

A
  • carries postsynaptic (unmyelinated) sympathetic neurons back to the spinal nerve (to the target)
44
Q

For all regions of the body, the initial pathway for sympathetic preganglionic axons is identical: what is this?

A

ventral root -> spinal nerve -> (white) ramus communicans -> sym. trunk

45
Q

Following the sympathetic trunk, the pathway for sympathetic neurones depends on what?

A
  • the body region
46
Q

How is innervation to the body wall conducted?

A
  • sym. trunk > grey rami communicans > spinal nerve
47
Q

How is innervation of the head conducted?

A

sym. trunk > ansa subclavia > cranial sympathetic trunk

48
Q

How is innervation to abdomen and pelvis conducted?

A
  • sym. trunk > major, minor and lumbar splanchnic nerve > various ganglia
49
Q

Innervation of the head:
At the cranial end of the trunk, the cervicothoracic ganglion is quite visible - what is this and how is it formed?

A
  • the largest autonomic ganglion in the body
  • formed from fusion of cervical and thoracic ganglia
50
Q

What does the ansa subclavia connect?

A
  • the cervicothoracic ganglion to the middle cervical ganglion and the cervical sympathetic trunk
51
Q

Why is ansa called a handle?

A
  • because nerves form a loop enclosing subclavian artery
52
Q

Innervation of the abdomen:
Splanchnic nerves run through what?
What do they not do here?
What nerves are splanchnic nerves?

A
  • the sympathetic trunk
  • don’t synapse here
  • these are the pre-synaptic nerves
53
Q

Where do splanchnic nerves synapse?
and give examples

A
  • synapse at named (prevertebral) abdominal ganglia, e.g.
  • Coeliac ganglion
  • Cranial mesenteric ganglion
  • Caudal mesenteric ganglion
54
Q

Nerves can pass through a ganglion without what?

A
  • synapsing
55
Q

Where does the parasympathetic NS originate from?

A
  • originates from the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord
56
Q

What nerves innervate the head?
where do they originate from?

A
  • Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X
  • originating from PS nuclei III, VII, IX, X in the brainstem)
57
Q

What nerves innervate thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A
  • Vagus nerve (CNX)
58
Q

What innervates the pelvic viscera and where does it come from?

A
  • Sacral PS nerves
  • originating in spinal cord intermediate grey matter
59
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves synapse?

A
  • Synapse in ganglia located close to or within target organ
60
Q

Due to where parasympathetic nerves synapse what does this means for their neurones?

A
  • generally long presynaptic and short postsynaptic neurones
61
Q

What does the post-synaptic neurone in the PSns release?

A
  • acetylcholine
62
Q

Where does the vagus nerve start and reach as far as?

A
  • starts in brainstem and reaches as far as colon
63
Q

Where do cranial and recurrent laryngeal nn. branch from?

A
  • from vagus at base of skull and cranial thorax
64
Q

There is rich vagal innervation to where?

A
  • heart and lungs
65
Q

Caudal to the root of the lung, vagus n. on each side splits into what?

A
  • dorsal and ventral branches
66
Q

Left and right dorsal and ventral branches of vagus nerve each fuse, and do what?

A
  • pass through the diaphragm at the oesophageal hiatus
67
Q

What supplies the abdominal viscera?

A
  • many smaller branches of the vagus nerve
68
Q

Vagal nerve trunks run in nerve plexuses on what vessels?

A
  • on coeliac and cranial mesenteric vessels
69
Q

How is the pelvic viscera innervated?

A
  • PS supply to the pelvic viscera are supplied by pelvic nerve, arising from sacral spinal nerves
70
Q

Where are the two subdivisions co-located?

A
  • Between the cranial cervical ganglion and the middle cervical ganglion
71
Q

In the two subdivision the vagus nerve (CNX; PS) and the cranial sympathetic trunk (S) run together as what?

A
  • the vagosympathetic trunk
72
Q

What is the two subdivision located inside of?

A
  • Located inside carotid sheath
73
Q

For the pelvic viscera the pelvic nerve expands into what and recieves what?

A
  • expands into the pelvic plexus, which also receives fibres from the hypogastric nerve (S).
74
Q

Where does the pelvic nerve branch from?

A
  • Branches from the pelvic plexus supply the pelvic viscera

NOSS (7 decks)

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