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NOSS > Brain circulation, meninges and CSF > Flashcards

Brain circulation, meninges and CSF Flashcards

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1
Q

The brain accounts for how much of body weight?

A
  • 2%
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2
Q

How much cardiac output does the brain receive?

A
  • 20%
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3
Q

What are the 4 possible routes to the CAC (circle of Willis)?

A
  1. Internal carotid a.
    (regresses to fibrous strand in ruminants & cat)
  2. Basilar a.
    (formed of vertebral a.)
  3. Maxillary a.
    (anastomosing branch of external carotid a.)
  4. Vertebral a.
    (direct anastomosing branch, major channel in ox)
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4
Q

In a dog, horse and human what carries blood to CAC?

A
  • Internal carotid and basilar aa.
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5
Q

In sheep, pigs and cat what carries blood out and to CAC?

A
  • Int. carotid a. reduced and blood flows out of CAC via basilar a.
  • Maxillary a., via rete mirabile, supplies CAC
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6
Q

In the ox what carries blood out and to the CAC?

A
  • Int. carotid a. reduced and blood flows out of CAC via basilar a.
  • Two anastomosing branches (both with rete mirable) supply CAC = maxillary and vertebral
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7
Q

Why is non-stun slaughter a potential welfare issue in cattle?

A
  • need to cut correct arteries otherwise time to collapse is increased
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8
Q

What are the brain and meninges drained by?

A
  • by veins and sinuses
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9
Q

What do sinuses lack?
What does this do to flow direction?

A
  • valves
    = flow unidirectional
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10
Q

What are the dorsal and ventral sinus sets?

A
  • Dorsal sagittal sinus in falx cerebri
  • Straight sinus
  • Ventral cavernous sinus on floor
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11
Q

Where do sinuses drain?

A
  • to maxillary, vertebral, occipital and internal jugular veins
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12
Q

The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 layers of meninges - what are these?

A
  1. dura matter
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. pia matter
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13
Q

What is dura matter?
where is it fused?
where is it found?

A
  • Tough and fibrous
  • Fused to skull in head
  • Epidural space in spinal cord
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14
Q

What is arachnoid matter and where is it found?

A
  • Fine filaments connecting pia mater
  • Subarachnoid space containing CSF
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15
Q

What is pia matter fused with?

A
  • Fused with neural tissue underneath
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16
Q

The dura matter folds inwardly in two place - where are these?

A
  • Falx cerebri (between cerebral hemispheres)
  • Tentorium cerebelli (between cerebrum and cerebellum)
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17
Q

The diaphragma sellae form’s a collar around the neck of the pituitary so forms what?

A
  • forms the roof of the hypophyseal fossa
18
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space drain?

A
  • into venous sinuses via one way valve arachnoid granulations
19
Q

How do arachnoid and pia connect across subarachnoid space?

A
  • by tiny filaments
20
Q

Meninges from a cuff around what?

A
  • around spinal nerve roots
21
Q

Where is the ventricular system derived from?

A
  • fluid-filled centres of embryonic tube
22
Q

How 4 chambers of the ventricular system connected?

A
  • A curved lateral ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere (connected via intraventricular foramen to)
  • Ring-like third ventricle
    (connected via mesencephalic aqueduct to)
  • Fourth ventricle beneath cerebellum
23
Q

How is the fourth ventricle connected to the subarachnoid space?

A
  • by lateral apertures
24
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A
  • at choroid plexuses
25
Q

What is CSF?

A
  • an ultrafiltrate of the blood
  • Plus some secretions from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles
  • Clear and colourless
  • Very few cells in normal CSF
  • Osmolality the same as blood plasma (less K+, more Cl- and glucose)
26
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A
  • protects the brain from substances in blood that could be harmful
27
Q

What is the blood brain barrier made of?

A
  • Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
  • Thick basement membrane of capillary
  • Astrocyte (glial) foot processes that surround capillaries
28
Q

Additionally, from CSF to brain, all fluid must pass through what too?

A
  • ependymal cells lining ventricles
29
Q

Some areas lie outside the blood brain barrier - give an example?

A
  • the hypothalamus
30
Q

How does CSF flow?

A
  • Lateral ventricles > third ventricle > fourth ventricle
  • Some flows down central canal of spinal cord
  • Most escapes at lateral apertures into subarachnoid space
31
Q

How is CSF removed from subarachnoid space into venous blood circulation?

A
  • Into venous sinuses via arachnoid villi
  • Venules of subarachnoid space
  • Into lymphatics of the nerve roots
32
Q

What is the blood brain barrier like in devloping and older animals?

A
  • more permeable
33
Q

What cannot cross the BBB?

A
  • some drugs
34
Q

How can the function of the BBB be compromised?

A
  • by inflammation around endothelial cells
35
Q

Where can CSF be sampled from?

A
  • CSF found in subarachnoid space
  • Largest parts are cisterns another (fluid filled space or cavity)
  • Cerebromedullar cistern (around foramen magnum)
  • Lumbar cistern
  • blood ultrafiltrate
36
Q

How can you identify pathology from blood ultrafiltrate?

A
  • Cells or high protein content are indicative of pathology
37
Q

Pressure of CSF can be elevated in pathological states what can this lead to?

A
  • E.g. meningitis, tumours
  • CSF tap contraindicated!
38
Q

If CSF flow in the neural canal is blocked, CSF accumulates and can result in what?

A
  • hydrocephalus
    = Dilation of ventricular system
    = Pressure on surrounding brain tissue
39
Q

Why is there disparity in the blood supply to the brain?

A
  • it has a high metabolic rate so requires a lot of energy
40
Q

which area of the brain had the greatest requirement for blood supply?

A
  • they grey matter containing cell bodies
41
Q

Why do arteries supplying brain form a circle?

A
  • If one artery gets damaged or blocked there are other arteries that can supply the blood flow

NOSS (7 decks)

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