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NOSS > Basic Principles of Biological Communication > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Biological Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What must all cells be able to do?

A
  • be able to respond to their environment
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2
Q

What types of things to cells detect and then do what?

A
  • extracellular molecules /conditions
  • integrate intracellular responses
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3
Q

What are examples of cell responses?

A
  • changes of gene transcription
  • secrete stored substances
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4
Q

What does a cell need in order convey information from signalling cell to target cell?

A
  • signalling molecules
  • ligands
  • transmitters
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5
Q

Target cells respond how?

A
  • by the means of specific receptor proteins
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6
Q

What are most target cell receptors?

A
  • transmembrane proteins
  • some receptors are intracellular
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7
Q

What are the three types of local communication?

A
  • contact dependant
  • paracrine
  • autocrine
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8
Q

How is communication achieved via contact dependant?

A
  • requires close contact
  • e.g., membrane protein or communicating cell junction
    = membrane bound signal
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9
Q

How does paracrine communication work?

A
  • diffuse over short distances to affect nearby cells
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10
Q

How does autocrine communication work?

A
  • signalling molecule binds to same cell
  • signal cell is the target cell
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11
Q

What are the two types of distant communication?

A
  • endocrine
  • synaptic
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12
Q

What is endocrine communication?

A
  • transport via bloodstream
  • such as hormones
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13
Q

What is synaptic communication?

A
  • electrical message travels via neurone to release signalling molecule at synapse
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14
Q

What cells does local communication occur in?

A
  • in both unicellular and multicellular organism
  • affects cell of the same or different types
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15
Q

As animals increase in size and complexity what is required?

A
  • distant communication (as well as local)
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16
Q

The nervous system uses neural signally for what?

A
  • acquire information
  • transmit and integrate the input
  • bring about a response
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17
Q

What information can be acquired?

A
  • External (e.g. temperature, sound) or internal (e.g. blood pH, pressure)
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18
Q

the NS is used to transmit and integrate the input - how does this work?

A
  • Information is rapidly conducted as an electrical signal (action potentials) along the neurone
  • Signal transmission between nerves/to organs (e.g. muscles) occurs at a synapse
  • Synaptic transmission is usually mediated by neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine)
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19
Q

How is a response brought about?

A
  • Neurotransmitters exert actions through interaction with receptors
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20
Q

What do dendrites do?

A
  • receive inputs
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21
Q

What does the cell body or soma of a neurone contain?

A
  • organelles
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22
Q

What does the axon do?

A
  • connect to target
  • only 1 axon per neurone
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23
Q

The neurone has polarity - what does this mean?

A
  • action potential travel from soma to synapse
24
Q

Where do neurons synapse?

A
  • with electrochemical transmission to specific target cell
25
Q

How is endocrine communication conducted?
- what molecules are used?
- Where are they released?
- How do they spread and act?

A
  • uses signalling molecules (hormones)
  • they are released from specialised cell populations forming endocrine glands
  • enter the bloodstream and distribute systematically
  • but target action through specific receptor expression
26
Q

Duration of endocrine signal depends on what?

A
  • half-life of signalling molecule
27
Q

Endocrine receptor’s can be what?

A
  • intracellular
  • on-cell surface (membrane)
28
Q

Intracellular receptors are found where?

A
  • inside the cytoplasm or nucleus
29
Q

What must ligands be able to do and what molecules are they? (Intracellular receptors)

A
  • be able to cross membrane of cell
  • usually hydrophobic molecules
30
Q

Steroid hormones are fat-soluble and so this means?

A
  • they can pass through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors
31
Q

In intracellular receptors what is the receptor?

A
  • a hormone-activated transcription factor
32
Q

Membrane receptors have a general structure with 3 regions what are these?

A
  • an extracellular domain
  • a transmembrane domain
  • an intracellular domain
33
Q

What is in the extracellular domain?

A
  • hormone binding site
  • n-terminus
34
Q

Whats in the transmembrane domain?

A
  • one or more segments crossing the membrane
35
Q

What the intracellular domain involved in?

A
  • the next step of signal transduction
  • c-terminus
36
Q

How are ligand-gated ion channels formed?

A
  • ligand binding changes channel shape
  • certain ions such as sodium and calcium can pass through
37
Q

Neurons have ion channels - how are these activated and what do these cause?

A
  • activated by ligand binding (the neurotransmitter)
  • causes an action potential
38
Q

What are membrane receptors - enzyme-linked receptors?

A
  • cell surface receptors with intracellular domains associated with an enzyme
39
Q

What do enzymes do to a reaction?

A
  • catalyses a reaction leading to cellular response
40
Q

What is an example of an enzyme-linked receptor

A
  • Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
41
Q

What does kinase do?

A
  • transfers phosphate groups
42
Q

What is tyrosine?

A

= to the amino acid tyrosine

43
Q

What are G-protein receptors?

A
  • very diverse family of 7-pass transmembrane proteins
44
Q

What do trimeric G-proteins relay?

A
  • the signal
  • alpha, beta, and gamma subunits
45
Q

What does biding of the ligand receptor cause (g-protein coupled receptors)?

A
  • activates alpha subunit and causes dissociation of beta-gamma units
46
Q

G protein coupled receptors:
The subunits can interact with other proteins and trigger what?

A
  • secondary messengers and a cellular response
  • stimulating or inhibiting enzymes in cell membrane
  • opening or closing ion channels
47
Q

What do ligands include?

A
  • light-sensitive compounds
  • odours
  • pheromones
  • hormones
  • neurotransmitters
48
Q

G protein coupled receptors are involved in what diseases?

A
  • thyroid adenoma and permanently active hormone receptors -> continual production of thyroid hormone
49
Q

What is used to define the G-protein?
and how many different types are there?

A
  • the alpha subunit
  • at least 20 different types
50
Q

How many different types of beta and gamma - G-proteins are there?

A
  • b = 5+
  • y = 10+
51
Q

Different combinations of subunit define what?
and elicit what?

A
  • function
  • eliciting different responses
    = same ligand = potential for different responses
52
Q

Both neuronal and endocrine communication release signalling molecules which are?

A
  • neurotransmitters/hormones
53
Q

Signalling molecules activate receptors on target cells - what are these?

A
  • Intracellular (e.g. transcription factors)
  • Cell surface (e.g. ligand gated ion channel, GPCRs, RTKs)
54
Q

Receptors mediate a cellular response - which can be?

A
  • transcriptional and translational effects
  • cell depolarisation
    -secondary messengers
55
Q

Endocrine communication is …
speed -
target -
energetic cost -

A
  • slow
  • widespread
    -cheap
56
Q

Neural communication is …
speed -
target -
energetic cost -

A
  • fast
  • targeted
  • expensive

NOSS (7 decks)

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