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NOSS > Nervous system functional anatomy > Flashcards

Nervous system functional anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A
  • sensing
  • regulating
  • reacting to internal and external environment
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2
Q

What does the nervous system have?

A
  • Quicker response than the endocrine (hormonal) system
  • Internal / external perception (entero/exteroperception)
  • Internal and external communication
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3
Q

What is the nervous system comprised of?

A
  • brain
    -spinal cord
  • nerves
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4
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

A
  • nerve cell/neurone
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5
Q

How are neurones function supported?

A
  • by glial cells
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6
Q

What does the brain develop from?

A
  • develops from the embryonic neural tube
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7
Q

What are the different parts of the brain?

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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8
Q

What happens in the forebrain?

A
  • receives, integrates sensory information from nose, eyes and ears
  • in land-dwelling animals it contains the highest integrating centres
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9
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A
  • coordinates reflex responses to sight and sounds
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10
Q

Does does the hindbrain do?

A
  • reflex control of respiration, blood circulation, other basic tasks
  • in complex vertebrates, coordination of sensory input, motor dexterity and possibly metal dexterity
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11
Q

Where is the olfactory lobe located?

A
  • part of the forebrain
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12
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A
  • two hemispheres (paired lobes), wrinkled in some species
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13
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

A
  • initiation of voluntary movement and coordination through integration of signals from balance organs, eyes and ears
  • sensory perception
  • memory, integration, planning
  • in some species = self-awareness, language and personality
  • posture
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14
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • paired midline structure
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15
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • relay station between brainstem and cerebrum for sensory input and outgoing commands
  • regulation of consciousness, sleep, alertness
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16
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A
  • under the thalamus
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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  • controls many homeostatic functions, via the pituitary gland
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18
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A
  • helps coordinate reflex responses to sight and sound
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19
Q

What does the pons and medulla oblongata do?

A
  • basic, life-sustaining and life-preserving activities such as breathing circulation, vomiting
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20
Q

Where are the 12 important pairs of nerves originated?

A
  • originating from underside of brain
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21
Q

How are the cranial nerves named?

A
  • named rostral to caudal with roman numerals
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22
Q

The spinal cord is continuous with …

A
  • the brainstem
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23
Q

Where does the spinal cord start?

A
  • starts between last pair of cranial nerves and first pair of spinal nerves
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24
Q

Spinal nerves exit between each …

A
  • vertebrate
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25
Q

The spinal cord doesn’t grow as much as vertebral column - how does it grow?

A
  • stops at different levels between species
  • spinal nerves carry on caudally to exit at right place
  • called cauda equina
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26
Q

There are cervical and lumbar enlargements - why are these here and what are these called?

A
  • where’s nerves to limbs arise (more neurons)
  • brachial plexus (C6-T2)
  • lumbosacral plexus (L4-S3)
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27
Q

What species are missing the cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A
  • snakes
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28
Q

What is a neurons job and how does it do this?

A
  • job is to communicate with other cells
  • does this by transmitting impulses/action potentials
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29
Q

What does the soma possess?

A
  • dendrites
  • axon
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30
Q

What can differ between neurons?

A
  • Arrangement, number and length of processes can differ (e.g. unipolar, bipolar, multipolar)
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31
Q

What is an action potential?

A
  • wave of depolarisation
32
Q

What does myelination help with?

A
  • increases the speed of transmission
    = saltatory effect
33
Q

what does an action potential trigger?

A
  • opens ion channels
  • most commonly permitting net Na+ entry
34
Q

Where are nerves located?

A
  • PNS
35
Q

What are bundles of neurone axons in the CNS called?

A
  • tracts
36
Q

Myelination of axons is achieved by different cells in the PNS and CNS - describe both:

A
  • PNS – a separate Schwann cell
  • CNS – arms of a myelin-forming oligodendrocyte
37
Q

What happens where oligodendrocytes are destroyed by Schwann cells are not?

A
  • multiple sclerosis
38
Q

what system has nerves of which some are not myelinated?

A
  • PNS
39
Q

Neuronal connections are called synapses - where can these be?

A
  • Can be axon-to-axon, axon-to-cell body, or axon-to-dendrite
  • Can also refer to neuromuscular junction
40
Q

What are synapses?

A
  • Synapses are a small gap between the cells
41
Q

If AP cannot usually cross synapse gaps then what happens?
What are the exceptions?

A
  • Depolarisation cannot spread to a different cell
  • (Some exceptions of electrical synapses)
42
Q

What crosses a synapse gap instead?

A
  • a chemical messenger = neurotransmitter
43
Q

How are neurotransmitters sent across a synapse?

A
  • AP causes pre-synaptic neurone to release neurotransmitter
  • Diffuses across synapse
  • Binds to post-synaptic neuron
  • Variety of drugs and toxins also act at synapses
44
Q

Where is grey matter found?

A
  • outside the brain but inside the spinal cord
45
Q

What is grey and white matter?

A
  • Grey = predominantly neuronal cell bodies
  • white = myelinated axons of neurones
46
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies within white matter called and are closely associated with what?

A
  • nuclei
  • specific functions
47
Q

What are bundles of axons running together called? and where can they be found?

A
  • called tracts in spinal cord
  • nerves outside of spinal cord
48
Q

What are neuroglia?

A
  • cells that surround neurons
49
Q

Give examples of neuroglia?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
50
Q

Astrocytes functionally important and most abundant what do they do?

A
  • Provide structural and functional support
  • Absorb excess neurotransmitters
  • Form blood-brain barrier
51
Q

What are microglia?

A
  • specialised macrophages
52
Q

What are glial cells capable of?

A
  • mitosis
  • source of brain tumours
53
Q

Neurons cant divide - what does this mean?

A
  • if they are damaged they can’t replace themselves
54
Q

What is the nervous system protected by?

A
  • enclosed by bone
  • skull and vertebral column
55
Q

What are the three protective membrane (meninges)?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater - stuck to the brain and contains vessels for nourishment.
56
Q

The blood-brain barrier forms protection - it contains capillary walls and astrocytes - what do these do?

A
  • Tight junctions stop substances passing between cells
  • Selective transport through cells by membrane proteins
57
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds brain and spinal cord - what does it do?

A
  • Cushioning impacts
  • Buoyancy (brain floats, prevents ischaemia)
    = Some nourishment
58
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A
  • system of cavities within CNS
59
Q

What is cerebral spinal fluid secreted from?

A
  • secreted by ependymal cells & choroid plexus
60
Q

What is CSF and what does it contain?

A
  • Network of blood vessels inside brain ventricles
  • Super filtrate of blood (selective transport of BBB)
  • Very low protein, few cells
  • Contains glucose and minerals, helps nourish nervous tissue
61
Q

How does CSF circulate?

A
  • CSF circulates though brain ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space and eventually reabsorbed into the blood
62
Q

Where is blood pooled before distribution to the brain?

A
  • In all species, blood is pooled into the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) before distribution to the brain
63
Q

Why are there so many arteries to brain?

A
  • so if one gets cut off there is still a blood supply to the brain
64
Q

There are species variation in arrangement of blood vessels supplying circle - what supplies dogs and horses?

A
  • From internal carotid artery
65
Q

Species variation in arrangement of blood vessels supplying circle - what can also supply circle?

A
  • From external carotid -> maxillary artery (others)
  • Also from vertebral artery -> basilar artery
66
Q

What makes up the anatomical/topographical classification?

A
  • CNS
  • PNS
67
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Ganglia
68
Q

The nervous system can be functionally subdivided on the direction of nerve transmission - what are these?

A
  • afferent
  • efferent
69
Q

What direction are afferent nerves?
Where can they be found and what can they be called there?

A
  • towards spinal cord or specific brain regions
  • Afferent are Arriving nerve axons
  • Within spinal cord, can be called ascending
  • Sometimes also termed ‘sensory’
70
Q

What direction are efferent nerves?
Where can they be found and what can they be called there?

A

– away from spinal cord or specific brain regions
- Efferent are Exiting nerve axons
- Within spinal cord, can be called descending
- Sometimes also termed ‘motor’

71
Q

As well as general afferent and efferent components, there is also special afferent - what are these for?

A
  • Concerned with special senses (taste and smell, vision, hearing and balance)
72
Q

What is the somatic NS?

A

– “voluntary nervous system”; senses and controls body relative to external environment

73
Q

What does the somatic NS do?

A
  • Sensory perceptions (e.g. touch, pressure, heat, pain, proprioception)
  • Special senses (vision, balance, hearing)
74
Q

What does the somatic NS have and what is it related to?

A
  • Motor neurones to skeletal muscles (upper and lower motor neurones)
  • Related ascending and descending pathways in the CNS
75
Q

What is the visceral NS?

A

– “involuntary nervous system”; senses and maintains the internal environment within permissible limits

76
Q

What does the visceral NS do?

A
  • Sensing internal environment (e.g. receptors in organs and blood vessels)
  • Special senses (taste and smell)
  • Adjusting internal environment through innervation of organs
  • Hypothalamus is an important integration centre
  • Hypophysis (pituitary gland) also produces and stores important hormones
77
Q

classification can be used in combination - Some nerves contain neurone axons of different NS components - give an example

A
  • E.g. spinal nerves have both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) axons

NOSS (7 decks)

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