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sensory evolve Flashcards

1
Q
A
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1
Q

Sensory input and cognitive ability allow humans to

A

react to their environment

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2
Q

Alterations are caused by a variety of factors including

A

traumatic injuries
illnesses
metabolic imbalances
aging

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3
Q

Cognition is

A

knowing influenced by awareness and judgment

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4
Q

Cognition skills

A

language,

calculation,

memory,

attention,

reasoning,

learning

problem-solving

decision-making

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5
Q

Sensation is

A

a feeling, within or outside the body, of conditions resulting from stimulation of sensory receptors

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6
Q

what is plasticity

A

it refers to the brain ability to change and relocate function if damage occors

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7
Q

cerebrum is divided into four main lobes:

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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8
Q

The frontal lobes of the cerebrum are the areas of the brain responsible for

A

voluntary motor function
short-term memory
goal-oriented behaviors
eye movements

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9
Q

The parietal lobes are responsible for

A

receiving
analyzing
responding to somatic sensory input from different parts of the body

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10
Q

temporal lobes are concerned with

A

auditory stimuli
long-term memory
balance
taste
smell

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11
Q

The occipital lobes process

A

visual information

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12
Q

stimulus is

A

a change in the environment sufficient to evoke a response

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13
Q

perception is

A

The way the brain perceives the information

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14
Q

to recognize and respond to stimuli the person must be

A

in a state of alertness

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15
Q

sensory adaptation is

A

During times of alertness, some impulses are ignored by the brain because they are not assigned priority as more important than others

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16
Q

general senses detect

A

detect touch
pressure
pain
heat
cold

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17
Q

general senses are located

A

throughout the body in internal organs and tissues such as muscle and skin

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18
Q

the process of sensory receptors

A

these sensory receptors are stimulated

the impulses travel through sensory pathways up the spinal cord

The impulses then cross over to the other side of the body before reaching the brain

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19
Q

decussate is

A

when the impluses cross over from one side of the body to another

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20
Q

Specialized receptors are located

A

sensory organs

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21
Q

Specialized receptors detect

A

senses of smell
taste
hearing
equilibrium
and vision

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22
Q

special senses are

A

smell
taste
hearing
equilibrium
vision

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23
Q

Tactile receptors are

A

those detectable by touch

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24
Q

Tactile receptors are located in

A

dermis and subcutaneous tissue

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25
Q

what receptors supply the brain about temperature information

A

warm receptors and cold receptors

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26
Q

the warm receptor respond to

A

moderatly warm (more than 77F/25C) and less than 46C or 114 F

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27
Q

when the termprture is above 114 f or 46 c the body

A

senses burning pain

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28
Q

Cold receptors deep in the epidermis react when

A

the body is exposed to temperatures between 10° C (50° F) and 40° C (104° F).

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29
Q

When the external temperature gets too cold ______ _______is sensed

A

freezing pain

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30
Q

Olfaction is

A

the sense of smell

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31
Q

Scents are detected by

A

chemoreceptors or sensory nerve endings

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32
Q

The chemoreceptors for smell are located

A

upper nasal passages

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33
Q

gustation is

A

the sense of taste

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34
Q

gustation require that chemoreceptors

A

come in direct contact with the stimulus

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35
Q

sensory receptors for taste are located

A

in taste buds on the tongue
the roof of the mouth
the throat

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36
Q

The sense of hearing occurs through

A

the workings of the outer, middle, inner ears

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37
Q

Sound waves are collected by

A

outer ear collected Sound waves causing the eardrum to vibrate

The vibrations of the eardrum cause the three small bones, in the middle ear to vibrate

The inner ear is composed of a complicated set of labyrinths, which are intricate communicating passageways

then receptor cells carry the information to the brain

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38
Q

auricle is

A

outer ear

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39
Q

ossicles are

A

the three small bones in the middle ear

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40
Q

labyrinths is

A

intricate communicating passageways

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41
Q

labyrinths are located in

A

inner ear

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42
Q

semicircular canal do what

A

it has receptor cells that interpret the head position and maintain equilibrium

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43
Q

equilibrium is

A

state of balance

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44
Q

retina is

A

innermost layer of the eye

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45
Q

Light stimuli enter the eye through

A

cornea and then the lens.

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46
Q

Photoreceptors in the retina do what

A

detect visual images by perceiving light waves, which are different lengths for different colors

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47
Q

Two types of photoreceptors are

A

rods and cones

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48
Q

rods and cones are present in

A

the retina

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49
Q

Rods help with

A

vision in the periphery and in dim light

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50
Q

Cones detect

A

color and detail

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51
Q

Symptoms of cognitive impairment include

A

disorientation
loss of language and/or simple arithmetic skills
poor judgment
memory loss

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52
Q

Delirium is

A

reversible state of acute confusion

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53
Q

Delirium is charactrized by

A

disturbance in consciousness or a change in cognition that develops over 1 to 2 days and is caused by a medical condition

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54
Q

signs and symptoms of delirium

A

Fluctuating awareness
impairment of memory and attention
disorganized thinking, hallucinations
disturbances of sleep-wake cycles

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55
Q

Some causes of delirium are

A

drug or alcohol use
the side effects of medication
infections
fluid and electrolyte imbalances
low oxygen level
pain

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56
Q

Delirium may occur in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) because

A

sensory overload

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57
Q

Depression is

A

mood disorder characterized by a sense of hopelessness and persistent unhappiness

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58
Q

Signs and symptoms of depression are

A

loss of interest,
sadness for an extended period of time
decreased self-esteem
sleeping too much or insomnia
changes in eating patterns

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59
Q

Major depression is characterized by

A

symptoms on most days for 2 weeks

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60
Q

Persistent depressive disorder is when

A

symptoms are present for at least 2 years but might vary in severity.

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61
Q

With both types of depression, the symptoms

A

interfere with daily living

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62
Q

Sensory deprivation is

A

decreased stimulation from the environment

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63
Q

Sensory deprivation causes

A

depression from lack of contact with others

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64
Q

Depression usually has _____ onset

A

rapid

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65
Q

depression is usually reversible with

A

treatment by eliminating the underlying cause,
providing counseling
prescribing antidepressive agents

66
Q

Dementia is

A

permanent decline in mental function has a subtle onset

67
Q

Dementia is characterized by

A

decline in many cognitive abilities including
reasoning
use of language
memory
computation
judgment
learning

68
Q

is dementia reversible

A

no and it worsen over time

69
Q

The most common type of dementia is

A

Alzheimer’s disease

70
Q

Degenerative, pathologic changes occur in the brain due to

A

Alzheimer’s disease

71
Q

amyloid plaques are

A

protein fragments that build up between the nerve cells of the brain, blocking electrical impulses and chemical connections between neurons

72
Q

neurofibrillary tangles are

A

twisted fragments of protein within the cells that clog nerve cells and interrupt nutrient delivery to the brain cells

73
Q

cerebral atrophy is

A

decrease in the size of the brain

74
Q

amyloid plaques neurofibrillary tangles cerebral atrophy all cause

A

damaging alterations interfere with the communication between nerve cells, causing people with Alzheimer’s disease to lose cognitive function. Eventually, basic functions, such as the ability to feed themselves or control bowel and bladder function, are affected

75
Q

Several factors may contribute to increased confusion and behavior problems that occur in many Alzheimer’s patients later in the day and into the night:

A
  • Brain changes causing a mix-up between day and night
  • Exhaustion at the end of the day of both the patient and the caregiver
  • Reduced ability to see due to dim lighting
  • Inability to distinguish between dreams and reality
76
Q

Strategies to deal with sundowning with Alzheimer patients:

A
  • Keep the home well lit during awake hours.
  • Keep on a consistent schedule.
  • Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine.
  • Approach the patient in a calm, reassuring manner.
  • Anticipate needs (toileting, thirst, etc.).
  • Reorient the patient to person, place, and time of day.
77
Q

The second most common type of dementia is

A

Lewy body dementia

78
Q

Behavioral problems that arise in dementia patients include

A

wandering
agitation
repetitive behaviors
sundowning
verbal or physical outbursts

79
Q

sundowning is

A

worsening of agitation and confusion in the evening

80
Q

what causes the bad behaviors from dementia patients

A

frustration
confusion
fear
anxiety
lack of control

81
Q

meningitis effects

A

impair cognitive and sensory functioning

82
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurs when

A

an area of the brain is deprived of blood flow

83
Q

CVAs are also called

A

strokes

84
Q

CVAs are of two types:

A

(1) ischemic stroke caused by narrowing of a vessel or embolism (blood clot) blocking a vessel
(2) hemorrhagic stroke caused by bleeding in the brain from a burst aneurysm or traumatic injury

85
Q

In Stokes the word FAST stand for

A

Face drooping
Arm weakness
speech
Time and placing a call to 9-1-1

86
Q

CVAs can cause altered

A

balance and coordination

87
Q

If CVAs damage is on the left side of the brain loss of

A

sensation and motor function is seen in the extremities on the right side of the body and problems with speech occur

88
Q

If CVAs the damage is on the right side of the brain,

A

the loss of sensation and motor function affects the extremities on the left side of the body and visual–spatial problems occur

89
Q

Some speech problems that occur after a stroke or other traumatic brain injury include

A

different types of aphasia

90
Q

receptive aphasia also known as

A

Wernicke aphasia

91
Q

Wernicke aphasia causes patient to not be able to

A

comprehend written or spoken language

92
Q

expressive aphasia also known as

A

Broca aphasia

93
Q

In Broca aphasia patients

A

are able to understand language

unable to answer questions

unable name common objects

unable express simple ideas

94
Q

Meningitis is an

A

infection of the lining of the brain caused by a virus or bacteria

95
Q

meningitis can cause

A

mental changes

96
Q

infections to the brain can cause

A

changes in cognitive abilities that are temporary

97
Q

When the patient exhibits sudden or rapid changes in behavior or cognition what are the possible causes?

A

urinary tract infection or pneumonia

98
Q

Damage to sensory nerve fibers in the arms and legs leads to

A

peripheral neuropathy

99
Q

peripheral neuropathy is

A

damage away from the center of the body

100
Q

with peripheral neuropathy Patients

A

may not be able to feel sharp objects or discern extreme hot and cold temperatures, leaving them vulnerable to injury

101
Q

Peripheral neuropathy occurs in patients with

A

diabetes mellitus and renal disease.

102
Q

Anosmia is

A

the complete loss of the sense of smell

103
Q

Anosmia causes

A

aging
Infections
smoking
cocaine

104
Q

The number of gustatory cells declines after the age of

A

50 years

105
Q

gustatory cells decline causes

A

decreased ability to distinguish taste

106
Q

Congenital hearing loss causes

A

genetic factors

maternal diseases such as rubella or diabetes

lack of oxygen at birth

107
Q

Otitis media may cause

A

temporary hearing loss from a buildup of fluid behind the eardrum

108
Q

conductive hearing loss causes

A

otitis media
blockage with cerumen

109
Q

sensorineural is

A

damage to the receptor nerves or nerve pathways

110
Q

sensorineural causes

A

loud noises
adverse reaction to ototoxic drugs
head injuries
certain types of infection

111
Q

Age-related hearing loss is called

A

presbycusis

112
Q

Motion sickness signs and symptoms

A

dizziness
nausea
vomiting

113
Q

Patients with fluid buildup or infections of the inner ear may describe

A

dizziness
lightheadedness
unsteadiness
vertigo

114
Q

vertigo is

A

the sensation that objects are moving around the person

115
Q

tinnitus is

A

ringing or other abnormal sound in the ear

and progressive hearing loss

116
Q

cause of tinnitus and vertigo is

A

excess fluid accumulation in the labyrinth in the inner ear

117
Q

Myopia is

A

nearsightedness

118
Q

Presbyopia is

A

farsightedness

119
Q

Presbyopia beging at age

A

40

120
Q

cataract is

A

Clouding of the lens

121
Q

Cataracts cause

A

blurring of vision

122
Q

Glaucoma is

A

serious medical condition of the eye

123
Q

Glaucoma causes

A

increased intraocular pressure, which puts pressure on the optic nerve, leading to loss of peripheral visual fields and possibly blindness

124
Q

Diabetic retinopathy is

A

complication of diabetes mellitus in which the blood vessels of the retina become damaged

125
Q

Diabetic retinopathy causes

A

loss of vision

126
Q

Macular degeneration is

A

loss of vision occurs in the central visual fields

127
Q

Macular degeneration begings at age of

A

50

128
Q

Macular degenerationCauses

A

diabetes
genetics
smoking
hypertension

some affected patients do not have these risk factors

129
Q

sensory deprivation causes

A

person who cannot see, hear, feel, or respond to the environment may feel socially isolated

130
Q

sensory overload is

A

overabundance of stimuli

131
Q

sensory overload causes

A

noise from machines

pressure from tubes

frequent interactions with health care personnel throughout a 24-hour day

constant lighting

pain

132
Q

The features of metabolic syndrome are

A
  • High blood pressure
  • High fasting blood glucose
  • Excess fat around the waist
  • Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
  • High levels of triglycerides
133
Q

Exposure to environmental toxins poses a variety of health risks including

A

damage to some of the special sense organs

134
Q

aspirin can cause

A

tinnitus

135
Q

Narcotics and some street drugs can cause

A

confusion, dizziness, and hallucinations

136
Q

The normal aging process causes neurons to

A

decrease in numbers

137
Q

loss of neurons causes

A

decreased ability to identify sensations such as

pain
touch
pressure
postural changes

138
Q

As aging occurs it causes

A

reflexes decrease

muscles atrophy

taste smell and vision decline

neuromuscular control of gait and posture decreases

memory and cognitive impairment may occur

139
Q

diabetic neuropathy decrease the patient’s ability to

A

discern touch especially in the lower extremities

140
Q

Patients who have damage to the brain due to illness or trauma may have

A

decreased motor functions

141
Q

patient who has had a CVA or a head injury may

A

have weakness or paralysis on one side of the body

142
Q

Patients With Cognitive or Sensory Alterations important points

A

Family and friends of the patient with dementia will be involved in the day-to-day care of the affected person and, therefore, need to be included in the planning process.

Ensure that full-time caregivers have a support system to avoid caregiver burnout.

The patient with cognitive alterations needs an interdisciplinary team to assess deficits and provide ongoing treatment.

A speech therapist is consulted for patients with hearing deficits, impaired cognition, or aphasia.

A patient who has had a stroke benefits from consultation with an occupational therapist for adaptations necessary to maintain activities of daily living (ADLs).

A physical therapist may be consulted for transfer and ambulation training.

For the patient with cognitive or sensory alterations, care may be delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) after assessment by the nurse.

Consultation with social services to arrange home care specialists may be needed for patients with cognitive or sensory alterations that interfere with safe self-medication.

143
Q

The nurse, in consultation with the primary care provider (PCP), ensures that any patient with cognitive changes has had a

A

thorough workup including a history,
physical
blood work
urinalysis
other diagnostic studies as necessary

144
Q

The hospitalized patient with cognitive alterations is oriented by

A

use of a clock or calendar and statements about

location or name of the hospital

why the patient is at the facility

145
Q

avoid ….. for patints who cognitive alterations

A

The patient’s environment is kept as consistent as possible and moving the patient from room to room is avoided to prevent confusion

loud noises and bright lights

146
Q

If the patient has expressive aphasia ask questions

A

that can be answered with yes or no

or use a communication board with pictures

147
Q

Ethical, Legal, and Professional PracticePatients With Dementia

A

For dementia patients who do not establish a health care power of attorney in the early stages of the disease while still capable of reasoning and making decisions, the court can declare a patient incompetent in the later stages of the disease and appoint a guardian or authorize a person through a health care power of attorney to make health care decisions for the patient. Often, the person appointed or authorized is a family member.

Ethical issues arise for patients with dementia, such as how much they should be told about their illness and who should make care decisions if no one has been appointed.

148
Q

The nurse can provide support and tips for the caregiver, such as

A
  • Take care of your own physical, mental, and spiritual health.
  • Ask for help or find a support group.
  • Do something for yourself daily that brings you joy.
  • Utilize available resources.
  • Seek professional help if needed.
  • Be realistic about the goals for your loved one
149
Q

Patients With Tactile Alterations you have to

A

tests the temperature of bath water

Frequent monitoring of the extremities is indicated

Any changes indicating decreasing sensation or circulation are reported to the PCP

If the patient can move the affected extremities, active range-of-motion exercise is encouraged to stimulate circulation

150
Q

Patient Education and Health LiteracyHealth Promotion

A

Promoting healthier lifestyles to older adults is an important nursing consideration. Hearing and vision examinations are part of health promotion.

Interventions to encourage healthy lifestyles include education regarding nutrition, exercise, smoking cessation, and the importance of health screening.

Knowledge and preparation help to reduce frustration and give caregivers of dementia patients realistic expectations

Health education and promotion of healthy lifestyles in older adults should be a key nursing intervention in the inpatient setting as well as in the outpatient and community settings.

151
Q

patient with equilibrium alterations is instructed to

A

call for assistance when ambulating to prevent injury

152
Q

patient with equilibrium alterations have to have

A

basin on the bedside withing easy reach

153
Q

if patient has equilibrium alterations you should

A

Keep the lights dim and noise at a minimum may relieve some of the symptoms

obstacles are kept off the floor to prevent tripping and falls

154
Q

patient with a visual alteration is

A

oriented to the placement of items in the hospital room so its best not to move them around

also keep patients needs witing easy reach and confirm they know the location

155
Q

Care for the visually impaired patient involves some simple steps that can enhance the patient’s experience and facilitate the nurse–patient relationship:

A
  • Maintain adequate lighting and minimize glare.
  • Make sure that the patient is wearing eyeglasses or contact lenses if prescribed.
  • Use large print or clear handwriting with a bold-tipped marker or pen when giving written instructions.
  • Use photos, pictures, diagrams, or audiotaped instructions if necessary.
156
Q

Sensory overload is common in which unit in hospital

A

ICU

157
Q

when a patient has reduced taste and is finding food less appealing you should instruct the patient o

A

avoid blending or mixing food

158
Q

reality orientation helps

A

restore sense of reality
improve level of awareness
promot socialization
elevate independent functioning
minimize oconfusion

159
Q

what is one way to determine spital perciption of the patient

A

having patient draw the face of a clock

160
Q

which patient that are at most risk for sensory deprivaton

A

isolated patients

161
Q

hypocalcemia causes

A

tactile distubances such as tingling and numbness in fingers and around the mouth

162
Q

hypocalcemia is caused by

A

high/ low levels of electrolytes

163
Q
A

exam 3 (12 decks)

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