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exam 3 > Human Development evolve > Flashcards

Human Development evolve Flashcards

1
Q

Adulthood is divided into three age groups:

A

young adulthood, middle adulthood, and older adulthood

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2
Q

Young adulthood spans the ages of

A

18 to 34 years

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3
Q

middle adulthood includes people

A

35 to 65 years of age

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4
Q

older adulthood includes those

A

66 years of age and beyond.

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5
Q

Biologic aging is also called

A

senescence

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6
Q

senescence is defined as

A

normal physiologic process that occurs at the cellular and molecular levels and is universal and irreversible

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7
Q

some organs may

A

age faster than others

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8
Q

Life expectancy is

A

the average number of years of life remaining at a given age

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9
Q

Life expectancy varies by

A

gender
culture
socioeconomic status
geographical location.

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10
Q

aging could contribute to

A

loss of hormones, as the endocrine system gradually fails

decline in estrogen hormone causing menopause

a drop in growth hormone causing muscle and bone mass loss

additional fat

thinning of the skin

decline in cardiovascular function

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11
Q

Wear-and-Tear Theory of Aging proposed

A

that the body wears out from use

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11
Q

how does diet and physical exercise help with aging

A

it can slow it down

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11
Q

all cells endure the

A

aging process

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11
Q

hormone therapy can

A

reduce the loss of growth hormone, but side effects include risk of cancer

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11
Q

Wear and tear include ______ and on the________ _________

A

organs and on the cellular level

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12
Q

Loss of cellular function leads

A

hypertrophy and to hyperplasia of remaining cells

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13
Q

Free radicals are

A

one cause of cellular abnormalities

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14
Q

Free radicals are

A

naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen

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15
Q

Free radicals are related to many disorders of aging including

A

cancer
cataracts
heart disease
arthritis

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16
Q

what can limit free radicals-related damage

A

Antioxidants,
vitamins C and E
beta carotene

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17
Q

Cross-Linking Theory of Aging is referred to as

A

the Glycosylation Theory of Aging

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18
Q

The Cross-Linking Theory of Aging suggests that

A

over time, protein fibers that make up the body’s connective tissue form bonds, or links, with one another

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19
Q

When these normally separate fibers cross-link

A

tissue becomes less elastic

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20
Q

less elastic tissue causes

A

loss of flexibility
clouding of the lens of the eye
clogged arteries
damaged kidneys

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21
Q

according to cross-linking theory the older you are the more likely

A

cross-linking will occur

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22
Q

Gould’s Theory on Adult Development postulates

A

process of freeing oneself from childhood restraints and beginning the establishment of personal identity

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23
Q

According to Gould, this transformation occurs in a series of stages divided into the following age groups:

A

Ages 18 to 22 years: Leaving the parents’ world
Ages 22 to 28 years: Getting into the adult world
Ages 28 to 34 years: Questioning and reexamination
Ages 34 to 43 years: midlife decade
Ages 43 to 50 years: Reconciliation and mellowing
Ages 50 to 60 years: Stability and acceptance

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24
Q

Gould (1979) also identifies the following four false assumptions that adults need to resolve during their lifetimes:

A
  • “I’ll always live with my parents and be their child.”
  • “I’ll always be there to help when my parents can’t do things on their own.”
  • “Life is simple, and I can control it.”
  • “Death and evil are not real.”
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25
Q

As aging occurs, the body goes through

A

physical changes that are universal and irreversible

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26
Q

at what age do health begin to decline

A

30

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27
Q

In many cases, declines that occur with aging may be due, at least in part, to

A

environmental factors
lifestyle behaviors
diet

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28
Q

Physical Changes Associated with Normal Aging

A

Bones and joints

Muscles and body fat

Eyes

Ears

Mouth and nose

Skin

Brain and nervous system

Heart and blood vessels

Muscles of breathing and the lungs

Digestive system

Kidneys and urinary tract

Reproductive organs

Endocrine system

Immune system

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29
Q

prolonged transition phase is called

A

emerging adulthood

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30
Q

Young adults are at top physical condition between

A

their late teens and early 30s

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31
Q

Cognitive abilities are strong during

A

young adulthood

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32
Q

Postformal thought is

A

cognitive development past Piaget’s formal operational stage

students gradually changed their thinking in the face of reality and adult responsibility

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33
Q

dualistic thinking explanation

A

Truth is compared against abstract standards, and authority figures are respected simply because of their authority base.

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34
Q

dualistic thinking includes

A

dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, “we” and “they

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35
Q

In Perry’s scheme, students have a ____-stage progression from _______to _______ _______

A

nine

dualistic to relativist thinking

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36
Q

relativist thinking is when

A

Learners move from viewing truth in absolute terms of right and wrong to recognizing multiple, conflicting versions of “truth” representing legitimate alternatives

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37
Q

adaptive cognition is thought to be

A

more responsive to context and less constrained by the need to find only one answer to a question

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38
Q

an individual’s basic personality is developed during

A

preschool years as relations between the id, ego, and superego are established

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39
Q

individuals who experience a life trauma during a developmental stage may

A

have greater difficulty overcoming the conflicts specific to that stage

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40
Q

genital stage occurs

A

from puberty onward

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41
Q

For the young adult, Havighurst (1953) identifies the following developmental tasks:

A
  • Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes
  • Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
  • Accepting one’s physique and using the body effectively
  • Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
  • Preparing for marriage and family life
  • Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior
  • Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior
  • Selecting an occupation
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42
Q

Young adulthood is a time of dramatic change in

A

personal relationships

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43
Q

Reasons for evolution of nontraditional lifestyles vary in accordance with

A

environment
life situation
socioeconomic level
and relevant legislation

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44
Q

nurses in planning and delivering care is to adequately account for how factors such as ___.. influence young adults’ lives

A

age
gender
race, culture
lifestyle
religious practices
influence young adults’ lives

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45
Q

Health Risks During Young Adulthood

A

alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use; sexual activity; childbearing; exercise; risk-taking activities; and eating habits ( as well as decisions that will indirectly affect their future health

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46
Q

Chronic alcohol consumption can result in

A

esophageal varices, erosive gastritis, cirrhosis of the liver, and hepatitis

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47
Q

Withdrawal from alcohol can result in

A

atrial and ventricular arrhythmias of the heart

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48
Q

e cigarettes include nicotine and other chemicals that can be harmful to the

A

lungs and the young adult brain

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49
Q

illicit drugs examples

A

marijuana,
heroin,
cocaine [including crack cocaine],
methamphetamine,
hallucinogens,
nonmedical use of prescription drugs
or other illegal drugs used recreationally

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50
Q

Nurses need to ask young adults

A

about illicit drug use and know the signs and symptoms of overuse and abuse of the most commonly used drugs

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51
Q

is anabolic steroids a drug

A

yes

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52
Q

anabolic steroids side effects

A

glues and gases which can cause neurologic impairment and death

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53
Q

Education about the harmful aspects of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use should be provided at

A

every health care visit.

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54
Q

Abuse can result in

A

death or injuries, or in mistrust or a shattered sense of well-being that is a barrier to moving forward in life for some victims

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55
Q

Sexual violence may result in

A

unwanted pregnancy

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56
Q

intimate partner violence can affect the person both

A

physically and mentaly

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57
Q

intimate partner violence results in

A

injury, disability, flashbacks, panic attacks, and low self-esteem

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58
Q

intimate partner violence stress can lead to depression and harmful health behaviors such as

A

smoking, drinking, using drugs, and having risky sex

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59
Q

Knowing how to ask abuse patients requires

A

training on addressing such a sensitive issue without offending the patient

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60
Q

Marijuana
Hashish

cause

A

Increased heart rate, anxiety; panic attacks; euphoria, slowed thinking and reaction time, confusion, impaired balance and coordination; impaired memory and learning; cough, frequent respiratory infections; tolerance, addiction

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61
Q

Opioids and morphine derivatives

  • Codeine
  • Fentanyl
  • Heroin
  • Morphine
  • Oxycodone
  • Hydrocodone
    Intoxication Effects And Potential Health Problems:
A

Respiratory depression and arrest; euphoria, drowsiness, confusion, sedation, unconsciousness, coma, death; nausea, constipation; tolerance, addiction

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62
Q

Stimulants
* Amphetamine
* Cocaine
* Dimethoxy-methylamphetamine (DOM)
* Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)
* Methylphenidate
* Nicotine
Intoxication Effects And Potential Health Problems:

A

Rapid or irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure, heart failure, cardiovascular disease, stroke; increased metabolism; feelings of exhilaration, energy, increased mental alertness, nervousness, insomnia, tremor, loss of coordination; impulsive behavior, aggressiveness, psychosis, panic attacks, mild hallucinogenic effects, headaches; reduced appetite, weight loss; adverse pregnancy outcomes; chronic lung disease, seizures, cancer; tolerance, addiction

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63
Q

Hallucinogens
* Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

  • Mescaline
  • Psilocybin

can cause

A

Altered states of perception and feeling, nausea, persisting perception disorder (flashbacks)

Also for LSD and mescaline: Increased body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure; loss of appetite, sleeplessness, numbness, weakness, tremors, persistent mental disorders

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64
Q

Sedatives (depressants, hypnotics, tranquilizers)
* Barbiturates

  • Benzodiazepines (other than flunitrazepam)
  • Flunitrazepam gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GBH)

can cause

A

Slowed pulse and breathing, lowered blood pressure; reduced anxiety, feeling of well-being, lowered inhibitions; poor concentration/fatigue, confusion; impaired coordination, memory, judgment; addiction

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65
Q

Intimate Partner Violence question

A
  • Are you in a relationship with a person who physically hurts or threatens you?
  • Has your partner or ex-partner ever hit you or physically hurt you? Has he or she ever threatened to hurt you or someone close to you?
  • Do you feel controlled or isolated by your partner?
  • Do you ever feel afraid of your partner? Do you feel you are in danger? Is it safe for you to return home?
  • Has your partner ever forced you to have sex when you did not want to? Has your partner ever refused to practice safe sex?
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66
Q

highest cause of death in adolescents and young adults ages is

A

Unintentional injuries

67
Q

Health Concerns During Young Adulthood

A

diabetes, hypertension, obesity, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and smoking

68
Q

The desire to be thin and beautiful has led many young men and women to be

A

anorexic or bulimic

69
Q

which type of mental problems are common among the young

A

depression
anxiety
conduct disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
substance abuse

70
Q

mental health issues are the _____leading cause of hospitalization

A

third

71
Q

The most common STDs in young adults include

A

gonorrhea
chlamydial infection
herpes simplex
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
syphilis
HPV infection

72
Q

Anxiety Disorders Questions

A
  • How often have you been feeling anxious, on edge, or nervous?
  • How often have you been unable to stop or control worrying?
  • Do you feel that you worry too much about different things?
  • Do you have trouble relaxing?
  • Are you able to fall asleep within 15 to 30 minutes of going to bed?
  • How often are you restless or do you have problems sitting still?
  • Do you easily become annoyed or irritable?
  • How often do you feel afraid that something bad will happen?
  • Do your thoughts seem like they are racing?
73
Q

Depression Questions

A
  • Have you recently lost pleasure or interest in things that previously brought you pleasure?
  • Have you been having feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, or sadness?
  • Are you having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep?
  • Do you feel tired often?
  • Has your appetite increased or decreased recently?
  • Have you been feeling bad about yourself or feeling like a failure recently?
  • Have you had thoughts of harming yourself or someone else?
74
Q

HPV is passed on through

A

genital contact

75
Q

Low-risk HPV infections can cause

A

genital warts

76
Q

High-risk HPV infections can cause

A

lesions that sometimes develop into cancer over time

77
Q

hpv vaccine should be taken before

A

having sexual contact with their first partners

78
Q

Patient Education and Health litracy sexually transmitted diseases

A
  • Teach patients the signs and symptoms of common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
  • Ask patients to verbalize an understanding of the importance of practicing safe sex.
  • Teach patients that latex condoms, when used consistently and correctly, are highly effective in preventing the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and reducing the risk of other STDs, including diseases transmitted by genital secretions and, to a lesser degree, genital ulcer diseases.
  • Demonstrate proper condom application to both males and females, with a return demonstration to assess knowledge.
79
Q

Physical Changes In Middle Adulthood

A

wrinkles begin to appear on the face, hair thins, and the waist thickens in most middle-aged adults. Muscle tissue (muscle mass) and muscle strength tend to decrease beginning in the thirties This process is called sarcopenia

80
Q

sarcopenia means

A

loss of flesh

81
Q

Crystallized intelligence refers to

A

skills that depend on accumulated knowledge, experience, good judgment, and mastery of social conventions

82
Q

Crystallized intelligence skills are acquired because

A

they are valued in our culture

83
Q

Crystallized intelligence is evaluated through

A

vocabulary tests, general information tests, verbal analogies, and logical-reasoning tests

84
Q

Fluid intelligence represents

A

basic information-processing skills: that is, the ability to detect relationships among stimuli, the speed with which information is analyzed, and the capacity of working memory

85
Q

Crystallized intelligence increases through

A

middle adulthood as adults add to their knowledge and skills at work and in leisure activities and as they practice the skills daily

86
Q

Fluid intelligence supports

A

reasoning
abstraction
and problem-solving and is more inherited than culturally trained

87
Q

Fluid-intelligence skills are evaluated through

A

number-series tests, spatial visualization, picture sequencing, and symbol search

88
Q

Changes in mental abilities affect on central nervous system

A

it slows it

Well-practiced skills are not noticeably affected

89
Q

Middle adulthood is a time of

A

transition, self-reflection, and reprioritization

90
Q

Erikson’s Theory is

A

Generativity Versus Stagnation

91
Q

Generativity means

A

reaching out to others in ways that guide and give to the next generation

92
Q

Generativity is expressed through

A

activities, such as mentoring in the workplace or with youth groups

volunteering at shelters and organizations

being involved in community issues of importance to the individual

and engaging in creative endeavors in fields such as art music and dance

93
Q

The alternative to generativity is

A

stagnation

94
Q

stagnation is

A

becoming self-centered and narcissistic

95
Q

In stagnation, people place

A

their own comfort and security above challenges that include other people

96
Q

stagnation causes

A

detachment even from their own children,

with a self-centered focus on what they can get from others, not what they can give

They lose interest in being productive at work or developing talents

97
Q

Generative people are

A

well adjusted
low in anxiety and depression
high in self-acceptance and life satisfaction
They are more open to others’ differences and points of view

98
Q

Generativity can be achieved even if one did not raise a family. Involvement in the

A

community, mentoring at work, and achievements in one’s personal life are all positive contributions that give one a sense of fulfillment

99
Q

Levinson’s Seasons of Life theory

A

middle adulthood begins with a transition (at ages 40–45 years),

followed by entry into a life structure (45–50).

This structure is reevaluated (50–55)

and ends in a culminating life structure (55–60).

100
Q

Midlife transition occurs around age 40, when people

A

evaluate their success in meeting adult goals

101
Q

In response to this self-evaluation, some people

A

make big changes in their lives whereas others make smaller changes but remain in their marriages and maintain their current careers

102
Q

some people make big changes in their lives such as

A

career changes, divorces, remarriages, and expressions of creativity

103
Q

Levinson’s theory identifies the following four developmental tasks of middle adulthood:

A
  • Young/old: Seeking new ways of being young and old and finding positive meaning in changes
  • Destruction/creation: Reevaluating past hurtful acts and attempting to be kinder, more creative, and other-focused
  • Masculinity/femininity: Integrating masculine and feminine aspects of the personality
  • Engagement/separateness: Finding a balance between engagement with the outside world and interior needs
104
Q

Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks for Middle Adulthood

A

middle adulthood tasks are age-dependent, and all serve pragmatic functions dependent on age

105
Q

According to Havighurst (1953), “The developmental tasks of middle years arise from

A

changes within the organism, from environmental pressures, and above all from demands or obligations laid upon the individual by his own values and aspirations

106
Q

Primary developmental tasks as hypothesized by Havighurst are as follows:

A
  • Achieving adult civic and social responsibility
  • Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living
  • Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults
  • Developing adult leisure activities
  • Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person
  • Accepting and adjusting to the physiologic changes in middle age
  • Adjusting to aging parents
107
Q

Some leading causes of death in middle age are

A

cancer and cardiovascular disease

108
Q

The leading causes of nonfatal injury in middle adulthood are

A

unintentional falls
unintentional overexertion
being struck by or against an object
and being an occupant in a motor vehicle accident

109
Q

Cancer is the ______ leading cause of death in the United States

A

second

110
Q

whats the primary cause of lung canser

A

Cigarette smoking

111
Q

Cardiovascular diseases affect about _______-______of middle-aged Americans

A

one-fourth

112
Q

Cardiovascular diseases include

A

high blood pressure
high blood cholesterol
and atherosclerosis or the buildup of plaque in coronary arteries around the heart.

113
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI) is

A

blockage of blood flow to the heart

114
Q

Myocardial infarction is largly due to

A

blood clot in a coronary artery

115
Q

Lack of oxygen and blood flow to the heart muscle produces

A

excruciating pain

116
Q

Arrhythmia is

A

irregular heartbeat that can prevent the heart from pumping enough blood

117
Q

Angina pectoris is

A

the crushing chest pain that is the first indication of an oxygen-deprived heart

118
Q

Heart disease is treated with

A

bypass surgery, medicines, arterial stents, pacemakers, and angioplasty

119
Q

angioplasty is

A

balloon surgery that flattens fatty deposits to open blood flow in blocked arteries

120
Q

what increases the risk of a stroke

A

Hypertension,
high cholesterol
obesity
diabetes
smoking

121
Q

blacks are

A

almost twice as likely to have a first stroke as whites at any age

122
Q

Patient Education and Health Literacy Health Promotion Factors in Midlife

A
  • Healthy lifestyle, including nutrition and exercise
  • Regular preventive screenings
  • Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
  • Fostering a positive self-image
  • Management of stress and role changes
123
Q

To reduce the incidence of cancer and cancer deaths, teach patients to:

A
  • Know the symptoms of cancer.
  • Get regular check-ups, screenings, and immunizations.
  • Avoid tobacco, sun exposure, pollutants, x-ray exposure, and risky behavior.
  • Eat a healthful diet and maintain an appropriate weight.
  • Drink alcohol only in moderation.
  • Exercise most days.
124
Q

The CDC recommends lowering the risk for heart disease by living a healthy lifestyle, including

A
  • Maintaining normal blood pressure
  • Maintaining normal cholesterol levels
  • Maintaining normal blood sugar levels
  • Choosing healthy foods and drinks
  • Maintaining a healthy weight
  • Exercising regularly
  • Not smoking
125
Q

Health Assessment Questions
Middle Adulthood

A
  • Have you experienced any recent weight loss or gain?
  • Have you experienced any fatigue lately?
  • Do you have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep?
  • Do you smoke? How many packs per day?
  • Do you exercise regularly?
  • Do you drink alcohol? How many drinks per week?
  • Do you use any recreational drugs or substances?
126
Q

Health Assessment Questions Cardiovascular System

A
  • Have you had chest pains?
  • Do you have any rapid heartbeats?
  • Do you become short of breath with exertion?
127
Q

Health Assessment Questions Respiratory System

A
  • Have you been experiencing any shortness of breath?
  • Do you snore loudly?
  • Do you experience coughing or wheezing?
128
Q

Health Assessment Questions Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary System

A
  • Do you have heartburn or indigestion?
  • Have you had a change in your bowel habits?
  • Have you noticed any bloody or black, tarry stools?
  • Do you have pain with urination?
  • Do you have to get up during the night to use the bathroom?
  • Do you have concerns about your sexual function?
129
Q

Health Assessment Questions Integumentary System

A
  • Have you noticed any changes to moles or any new moles?
  • Do you have any rashes or itching or changes to your skin?
130
Q

Health Assessment Questions Endocrine System

A
  • Have you experienced any recent heat or cold intolerance?
  • Have you experienced any excessive sweating?
131
Q

Health Assessment Questions Neurologic System

A
  • Have you experienced any of the following recently?
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Fainting
  • Falls
  • Memory problems
132
Q

Health Assessment Questions Women Only

A
  • Are you experiencing hot flashes or night sweats?
  • Are you having irregular menstrual periods?
  • When was your last mammogram?
133
Q

Health Assessment Questions Men Only

A
  • When was your last prostate exam?
  • Are you experiencing any penile discharge?
134
Q

Health Assessment Questions Domestic Violence Survey

A
  • Does your spouse or partner hit, slap, or punch you?
  • Are you afraid to return home?
  • Are there firearms or guns in your home?
135
Q

Health promotion activities for middle adulthood should address

A

adequate rest,
leisurely activities,
regular exercise,
good nutrition,
satisfactory sexual function,
reduction and cessation of tobacco and alcohol use

136
Q

In the United States, approximately 4% to 5% of the children live with grandparents and apart from parents. These families are called

A

skipped generation families

137
Q

The term sandwich generation refers to

A

middle-aged adults who take care of older and younger generations of their families

138
Q

The National Institute on Mental Health reports that stress can affect people in different ways. Consequently, it is important for caregivers who experience chronic stress to:

A
  • Recognize the signs
  • Exercise regularly
  • Talk with your health care provider
  • Set goals and priorities
  • Stay connected
  • Try relaxing activities
139
Q

Advise caregivers to:

A
  • Accept help from others.
  • Join a support group or attend caregiver classes offered by organizations, such as the American Red Cross or the Alzheimer’s Association local chapter.
  • Use community resources, such as respite care services or adult day care.
  • Commit to keeping healthy; set personal health goals and see your primary care provider (PCP) for updates on screenings and immunizations.
  • Avoid feeling guilty.
  • Focus on what you are able to provide.
  • Set realistic goals.
  • Communicate with lawmakers and officials for information on policies that relieve financial burdens.
140
Q

Physical Changes During Older Adulthood

A

physical appearance and mobility
skin
hair
facial structure
body build

141
Q

Hair begins to turn grey due to the loss of

A

melanin

142
Q

Cognitive Changes During Older Adulthood

A

During the normal aging process, mental health and cognition remain relatively stable

143
Q

Severe changes in behavior and loss of cognitive function usually are symptoms of

A

physical or mental illness

144
Q

mental illness examples

A

Alzheimer’s disease, acute delirium, or serious depression

145
Q

According to Erikson the developmental task of older adults is

A

ego integrity versus despair

146
Q

Older adults who attain ego integrity view life

A

wholeness, receiving satisfaction from past accomplishments, and accepting death as a completion of life

147
Q

older adults with despair often

A

believe they made poor choices during the life journey and wish they could live their lives over again

148
Q

According to Havighurst (1953), people who are 60 years of age and older must adjust to

A

decreasing physical strength and health,

retirement and reduced income,

death of a spouse,

the processes of establishing an explicit affiliation with their age group,

adopting and adapting to social roles in a flexible way,

and establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements

149
Q

Many older adults rely on ______ _______ for their income

A

pensions and Social Security for their income

150
Q

Living arrangements are influenced by a variety of factors, including

A

marital status,

financial well-being,

the value placed on living independently or with family members

the availability of social services and social support,

health status

family size and structure

cultural traditions

151
Q

Sexuality in the older adult shifts from

A

procreation to companionship
intimate communication
pleasure-seeking physical relationship

152
Q

Sexual activity depends on

A

the state of the person’s sex drive and the presence of illness or chronic conditions that affect activity and mobility

as well as on individual interpersonal circumstances, opportunities, and moral and religious beliefs

153
Q

Older adults fare best when

A

they retain social status and opportunities for community participation

154
Q

General objectives for promoting health and well-being in older adults include

A
  • Promoting exercise
  • Reducing hospitalizations that occur for a variety of reasons
  • Reducing infections
  • Reducing falls and fall-related deaths
  • Increasing health screening
155
Q

Stroke is the _______ ______ of long-term disability among adults in the United States

A

leading cause

156
Q

Strokes are

A

cerebrovascular accidents that affect the cerebral circulation through blockage, with occlusive thrombi and emboli in the subarachnoid and intracerebral spaces

157
Q

Risk factors for stroke include

A

diabetes
obesity
hypertension
hyperlipidemia
cardiac disorders

158
Q

Hypertension refers to

A

elevated blood pressure readings, either diastolic or systolic, or both, over a period of time

159
Q

Hypertension accelerates the

A

rate of atherosclerosis formation in the arteries

160
Q

Older adults are less likely than younger adults to be screened for _____

A

cancer

161
Q

Respiratory Diseases
Examples of senescence include

A

kyphosis (increased curvature of the spine), poor posture, a shortened thorax, chest wall stiffness, and an increase in the anteroposterior diameter of the chest wall, resulting in diminished respiratory efficiency.

162
Q

Tobacco use (smoking) is

A

major factor in development of lung disease and impaired respiratory function

163
Q

Secondhand smoke is known as

A

environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or passive smoke

164
Q

COPD is a general term used for

A

group of disorders characterized by impaired airflow in the lungs, which may require hospitalization of the older adult

165
Q

Emphysema is characterized by

A

enlargement of gas-exchange airways and damage to the alveolar walls in the lungs

166
Q

The major contributing factor for emphysema is

A

cigarette smoking

167
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease questions

A
  • Have you had any respiratory problems in the past, such as asthma, pneumonia, or frequent respiratory infections?
  • Have you ever had tuberculosis?
  • Do you smoke?
  • Do you experience shortness of breath when walking or lying down?
  • Have you ever lived or worked in an area with heavy pollution from traffic, factories, or mining?
168
Q

The risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) increases with

A

age

169
Q

diabetes mellitus increase with age why

A

glucose intolerance and insulin resistance

170
Q

Complications, many due to vascular changes, from diabetes that is not well controlled include

A
  • Diabetic retinopathy due to altered circulation to the eye, leading to loss of vision or even blindness
  • Kidney disease due to changes in blood flow
  • Heart disease and stroke
  • Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage), which can cause pain or a loss of feeling in the hands, feet, legs, or other parts of the body
  • Dry skin and infections
  • Poor wound healing due to impaired circulation, sometimes leading to foot ulcers and amputations

exam 3 (12 decks)

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