Human Development evolve Flashcards
Adulthood is divided into three age groups:
young adulthood, middle adulthood, and older adulthood
Young adulthood spans the ages of
18 to 34 years
middle adulthood includes people
35 to 65 years of age
older adulthood includes those
66 years of age and beyond.
Biologic aging is also called
senescence
senescence is defined as
normal physiologic process that occurs at the cellular and molecular levels and is universal and irreversible
some organs may
age faster than others
Life expectancy is
the average number of years of life remaining at a given age
Life expectancy varies by
gender
culture
socioeconomic status
geographical location.
aging could contribute to
loss of hormones, as the endocrine system gradually fails
decline in estrogen hormone causing menopause
a drop in growth hormone causing muscle and bone mass loss
additional fat
thinning of the skin
decline in cardiovascular function
Wear-and-Tear Theory of Aging proposed
that the body wears out from use
how does diet and physical exercise help with aging
it can slow it down
all cells endure the
aging process
hormone therapy can
reduce the loss of growth hormone, but side effects include risk of cancer
Wear and tear include ______ and on the________ _________
organs and on the cellular level
Loss of cellular function leads
hypertrophy and to hyperplasia of remaining cells
Free radicals are
one cause of cellular abnormalities
Free radicals are
naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen
Free radicals are related to many disorders of aging including
cancer
cataracts
heart disease
arthritis
what can limit free radicals-related damage
Antioxidants,
vitamins C and E
beta carotene
Cross-Linking Theory of Aging is referred to as
the Glycosylation Theory of Aging
The Cross-Linking Theory of Aging suggests that
over time, protein fibers that make up the body’s connective tissue form bonds, or links, with one another
When these normally separate fibers cross-link
tissue becomes less elastic
less elastic tissue causes
loss of flexibility
clouding of the lens of the eye
clogged arteries
damaged kidneys
according to cross-linking theory the older you are the more likely
cross-linking will occur
Gould’s Theory on Adult Development postulates
process of freeing oneself from childhood restraints and beginning the establishment of personal identity
According to Gould, this transformation occurs in a series of stages divided into the following age groups:
Ages 18 to 22 years: Leaving the parents’ world
Ages 22 to 28 years: Getting into the adult world
Ages 28 to 34 years: Questioning and reexamination
Ages 34 to 43 years: midlife decade
Ages 43 to 50 years: Reconciliation and mellowing
Ages 50 to 60 years: Stability and acceptance
Gould (1979) also identifies the following four false assumptions that adults need to resolve during their lifetimes:
- “I’ll always live with my parents and be their child.”
- “I’ll always be there to help when my parents can’t do things on their own.”
- “Life is simple, and I can control it.”
- “Death and evil are not real.”
As aging occurs, the body goes through
physical changes that are universal and irreversible
at what age do health begin to decline
30
In many cases, declines that occur with aging may be due, at least in part, to
environmental factors
lifestyle behaviors
diet
Physical Changes Associated with Normal Aging
Bones and joints
Muscles and body fat
Eyes
Ears
Mouth and nose
Skin
Brain and nervous system
Heart and blood vessels
Muscles of breathing and the lungs
Digestive system
Kidneys and urinary tract
Reproductive organs
Endocrine system
Immune system
prolonged transition phase is called
emerging adulthood
Young adults are at top physical condition between
their late teens and early 30s
Cognitive abilities are strong during
young adulthood
Postformal thought is
cognitive development past Piaget’s formal operational stage
students gradually changed their thinking in the face of reality and adult responsibility
dualistic thinking explanation
Truth is compared against abstract standards, and authority figures are respected simply because of their authority base.
dualistic thinking includes
dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, “we” and “they
In Perry’s scheme, students have a ____-stage progression from _______to _______ _______
nine
dualistic to relativist thinking
relativist thinking is when
Learners move from viewing truth in absolute terms of right and wrong to recognizing multiple, conflicting versions of “truth” representing legitimate alternatives
adaptive cognition is thought to be
more responsive to context and less constrained by the need to find only one answer to a question
an individual’s basic personality is developed during
preschool years as relations between the id, ego, and superego are established
individuals who experience a life trauma during a developmental stage may
have greater difficulty overcoming the conflicts specific to that stage
genital stage occurs
from puberty onward
For the young adult, Havighurst (1953) identifies the following developmental tasks:
- Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes
- Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
- Accepting one’s physique and using the body effectively
- Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
- Preparing for marriage and family life
- Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior
- Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior
- Selecting an occupation
Young adulthood is a time of dramatic change in
personal relationships
Reasons for evolution of nontraditional lifestyles vary in accordance with
environment
life situation
socioeconomic level
and relevant legislation
nurses in planning and delivering care is to adequately account for how factors such as ___.. influence young adults’ lives
age
gender
race, culture
lifestyle
religious practices
influence young adults’ lives
Health Risks During Young Adulthood
alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use; sexual activity; childbearing; exercise; risk-taking activities; and eating habits ( as well as decisions that will indirectly affect their future health
Chronic alcohol consumption can result in
esophageal varices, erosive gastritis, cirrhosis of the liver, and hepatitis
Withdrawal from alcohol can result in
atrial and ventricular arrhythmias of the heart
e cigarettes include nicotine and other chemicals that can be harmful to the
lungs and the young adult brain
illicit drugs examples
marijuana,
heroin,
cocaine [including crack cocaine],
methamphetamine,
hallucinogens,
nonmedical use of prescription drugs
or other illegal drugs used recreationally
Nurses need to ask young adults
about illicit drug use and know the signs and symptoms of overuse and abuse of the most commonly used drugs
is anabolic steroids a drug
yes
anabolic steroids side effects
glues and gases which can cause neurologic impairment and death
Education about the harmful aspects of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use should be provided at
every health care visit.
Abuse can result in
death or injuries, or in mistrust or a shattered sense of well-being that is a barrier to moving forward in life for some victims
Sexual violence may result in
unwanted pregnancy
intimate partner violence can affect the person both
physically and mentaly
intimate partner violence results in
injury, disability, flashbacks, panic attacks, and low self-esteem
intimate partner violence stress can lead to depression and harmful health behaviors such as
smoking, drinking, using drugs, and having risky sex
Knowing how to ask abuse patients requires
training on addressing such a sensitive issue without offending the patient
Marijuana
Hashish
cause
Increased heart rate, anxiety; panic attacks; euphoria, slowed thinking and reaction time, confusion, impaired balance and coordination; impaired memory and learning; cough, frequent respiratory infections; tolerance, addiction
Opioids and morphine derivatives
- Codeine
- Fentanyl
- Heroin
- Morphine
- Oxycodone
- Hydrocodone
Intoxication Effects And Potential Health Problems:
Respiratory depression and arrest; euphoria, drowsiness, confusion, sedation, unconsciousness, coma, death; nausea, constipation; tolerance, addiction
Stimulants
* Amphetamine
* Cocaine
* Dimethoxy-methylamphetamine (DOM)
* Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)
* Methylphenidate
* Nicotine
Intoxication Effects And Potential Health Problems:
Rapid or irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure, heart failure, cardiovascular disease, stroke; increased metabolism; feelings of exhilaration, energy, increased mental alertness, nervousness, insomnia, tremor, loss of coordination; impulsive behavior, aggressiveness, psychosis, panic attacks, mild hallucinogenic effects, headaches; reduced appetite, weight loss; adverse pregnancy outcomes; chronic lung disease, seizures, cancer; tolerance, addiction
Hallucinogens
* Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
- Mescaline
- Psilocybin
can cause
Altered states of perception and feeling, nausea, persisting perception disorder (flashbacks)
Also for LSD and mescaline: Increased body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure; loss of appetite, sleeplessness, numbness, weakness, tremors, persistent mental disorders
Sedatives (depressants, hypnotics, tranquilizers)
* Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines (other than flunitrazepam)
- Flunitrazepam gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GBH)
can cause
Slowed pulse and breathing, lowered blood pressure; reduced anxiety, feeling of well-being, lowered inhibitions; poor concentration/fatigue, confusion; impaired coordination, memory, judgment; addiction
Intimate Partner Violence question
- Are you in a relationship with a person who physically hurts or threatens you?
- Has your partner or ex-partner ever hit you or physically hurt you? Has he or she ever threatened to hurt you or someone close to you?
- Do you feel controlled or isolated by your partner?
- Do you ever feel afraid of your partner? Do you feel you are in danger? Is it safe for you to return home?
- Has your partner ever forced you to have sex when you did not want to? Has your partner ever refused to practice safe sex?
highest cause of death in adolescents and young adults ages is
Unintentional injuries
Health Concerns During Young Adulthood
diabetes, hypertension, obesity, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and smoking
The desire to be thin and beautiful has led many young men and women to be
anorexic or bulimic
which type of mental problems are common among the young
depression
anxiety
conduct disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
substance abuse
mental health issues are the _____leading cause of hospitalization
third
The most common STDs in young adults include
gonorrhea
chlamydial infection
herpes simplex
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
syphilis
HPV infection
Anxiety Disorders Questions
- How often have you been feeling anxious, on edge, or nervous?
- How often have you been unable to stop or control worrying?
- Do you feel that you worry too much about different things?
- Do you have trouble relaxing?
- Are you able to fall asleep within 15 to 30 minutes of going to bed?
- How often are you restless or do you have problems sitting still?
- Do you easily become annoyed or irritable?
- How often do you feel afraid that something bad will happen?
- Do your thoughts seem like they are racing?
Depression Questions
- Have you recently lost pleasure or interest in things that previously brought you pleasure?
- Have you been having feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, or sadness?
- Are you having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep?
- Do you feel tired often?
- Has your appetite increased or decreased recently?
- Have you been feeling bad about yourself or feeling like a failure recently?
- Have you had thoughts of harming yourself or someone else?
HPV is passed on through
genital contact
Low-risk HPV infections can cause
genital warts
High-risk HPV infections can cause
lesions that sometimes develop into cancer over time
hpv vaccine should be taken before
having sexual contact with their first partners
Patient Education and Health litracy sexually transmitted diseases
- Teach patients the signs and symptoms of common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
- Ask patients to verbalize an understanding of the importance of practicing safe sex.
- Teach patients that latex condoms, when used consistently and correctly, are highly effective in preventing the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and reducing the risk of other STDs, including diseases transmitted by genital secretions and, to a lesser degree, genital ulcer diseases.
- Demonstrate proper condom application to both males and females, with a return demonstration to assess knowledge.
Physical Changes In Middle Adulthood
wrinkles begin to appear on the face, hair thins, and the waist thickens in most middle-aged adults. Muscle tissue (muscle mass) and muscle strength tend to decrease beginning in the thirties This process is called sarcopenia
sarcopenia means
loss of flesh
Crystallized intelligence refers to
skills that depend on accumulated knowledge, experience, good judgment, and mastery of social conventions
Crystallized intelligence skills are acquired because
they are valued in our culture
Crystallized intelligence is evaluated through
vocabulary tests, general information tests, verbal analogies, and logical-reasoning tests
Fluid intelligence represents
basic information-processing skills: that is, the ability to detect relationships among stimuli, the speed with which information is analyzed, and the capacity of working memory
Crystallized intelligence increases through
middle adulthood as adults add to their knowledge and skills at work and in leisure activities and as they practice the skills daily
Fluid intelligence supports
reasoning
abstraction
and problem-solving and is more inherited than culturally trained
Fluid-intelligence skills are evaluated through
number-series tests, spatial visualization, picture sequencing, and symbol search
Changes in mental abilities affect on central nervous system
it slows it
Well-practiced skills are not noticeably affected
Middle adulthood is a time of
transition, self-reflection, and reprioritization
Erikson’s Theory is
Generativity Versus Stagnation
Generativity means
reaching out to others in ways that guide and give to the next generation
Generativity is expressed through
activities, such as mentoring in the workplace or with youth groups
volunteering at shelters and organizations
being involved in community issues of importance to the individual
and engaging in creative endeavors in fields such as art music and dance
The alternative to generativity is
stagnation
stagnation is
becoming self-centered and narcissistic
In stagnation, people place
their own comfort and security above challenges that include other people
stagnation causes
detachment even from their own children,
with a self-centered focus on what they can get from others, not what they can give
They lose interest in being productive at work or developing talents
Generative people are
well adjusted
low in anxiety and depression
high in self-acceptance and life satisfaction
They are more open to others’ differences and points of view
Generativity can be achieved even if one did not raise a family. Involvement in the
community, mentoring at work, and achievements in one’s personal life are all positive contributions that give one a sense of fulfillment
Levinson’s Seasons of Life theory
middle adulthood begins with a transition (at ages 40–45 years),
followed by entry into a life structure (45–50).
This structure is reevaluated (50–55)
and ends in a culminating life structure (55–60).
Midlife transition occurs around age 40, when people
evaluate their success in meeting adult goals
In response to this self-evaluation, some people
make big changes in their lives whereas others make smaller changes but remain in their marriages and maintain their current careers
some people make big changes in their lives such as
career changes, divorces, remarriages, and expressions of creativity
Levinson’s theory identifies the following four developmental tasks of middle adulthood:
- Young/old: Seeking new ways of being young and old and finding positive meaning in changes
- Destruction/creation: Reevaluating past hurtful acts and attempting to be kinder, more creative, and other-focused
- Masculinity/femininity: Integrating masculine and feminine aspects of the personality
- Engagement/separateness: Finding a balance between engagement with the outside world and interior needs
Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks for Middle Adulthood
middle adulthood tasks are age-dependent, and all serve pragmatic functions dependent on age
According to Havighurst (1953), “The developmental tasks of middle years arise from
changes within the organism, from environmental pressures, and above all from demands or obligations laid upon the individual by his own values and aspirations
Primary developmental tasks as hypothesized by Havighurst are as follows:
- Achieving adult civic and social responsibility
- Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living
- Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults
- Developing adult leisure activities
- Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person
- Accepting and adjusting to the physiologic changes in middle age
- Adjusting to aging parents
Some leading causes of death in middle age are
cancer and cardiovascular disease
The leading causes of nonfatal injury in middle adulthood are
unintentional falls
unintentional overexertion
being struck by or against an object
and being an occupant in a motor vehicle accident
Cancer is the ______ leading cause of death in the United States
second
whats the primary cause of lung canser
Cigarette smoking
Cardiovascular diseases affect about _______-______of middle-aged Americans
one-fourth
Cardiovascular diseases include
high blood pressure
high blood cholesterol
and atherosclerosis or the buildup of plaque in coronary arteries around the heart.
Myocardial infarction (MI) is
blockage of blood flow to the heart
Myocardial infarction is largly due to
blood clot in a coronary artery
Lack of oxygen and blood flow to the heart muscle produces
excruciating pain
Arrhythmia is
irregular heartbeat that can prevent the heart from pumping enough blood
Angina pectoris is
the crushing chest pain that is the first indication of an oxygen-deprived heart
Heart disease is treated with
bypass surgery, medicines, arterial stents, pacemakers, and angioplasty
angioplasty is
balloon surgery that flattens fatty deposits to open blood flow in blocked arteries
what increases the risk of a stroke
Hypertension,
high cholesterol
obesity
diabetes
smoking
blacks are
almost twice as likely to have a first stroke as whites at any age
Patient Education and Health Literacy Health Promotion Factors in Midlife
- Healthy lifestyle, including nutrition and exercise
- Regular preventive screenings
- Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
- Fostering a positive self-image
- Management of stress and role changes
To reduce the incidence of cancer and cancer deaths, teach patients to:
- Know the symptoms of cancer.
- Get regular check-ups, screenings, and immunizations.
- Avoid tobacco, sun exposure, pollutants, x-ray exposure, and risky behavior.
- Eat a healthful diet and maintain an appropriate weight.
- Drink alcohol only in moderation.
- Exercise most days.
The CDC recommends lowering the risk for heart disease by living a healthy lifestyle, including
- Maintaining normal blood pressure
- Maintaining normal cholesterol levels
- Maintaining normal blood sugar levels
- Choosing healthy foods and drinks
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Exercising regularly
- Not smoking
Health Assessment Questions
Middle Adulthood
- Have you experienced any recent weight loss or gain?
- Have you experienced any fatigue lately?
- Do you have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep?
- Do you smoke? How many packs per day?
- Do you exercise regularly?
- Do you drink alcohol? How many drinks per week?
- Do you use any recreational drugs or substances?
Health Assessment Questions Cardiovascular System
- Have you had chest pains?
- Do you have any rapid heartbeats?
- Do you become short of breath with exertion?
Health Assessment Questions Respiratory System
- Have you been experiencing any shortness of breath?
- Do you snore loudly?
- Do you experience coughing or wheezing?
Health Assessment Questions Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary System
- Do you have heartburn or indigestion?
- Have you had a change in your bowel habits?
- Have you noticed any bloody or black, tarry stools?
- Do you have pain with urination?
- Do you have to get up during the night to use the bathroom?
- Do you have concerns about your sexual function?
Health Assessment Questions Integumentary System
- Have you noticed any changes to moles or any new moles?
- Do you have any rashes or itching or changes to your skin?
Health Assessment Questions Endocrine System
- Have you experienced any recent heat or cold intolerance?
- Have you experienced any excessive sweating?
Health Assessment Questions Neurologic System
- Have you experienced any of the following recently?
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Fainting
- Falls
- Memory problems
Health Assessment Questions Women Only
- Are you experiencing hot flashes or night sweats?
- Are you having irregular menstrual periods?
- When was your last mammogram?
Health Assessment Questions Men Only
- When was your last prostate exam?
- Are you experiencing any penile discharge?
Health Assessment Questions Domestic Violence Survey
- Does your spouse or partner hit, slap, or punch you?
- Are you afraid to return home?
- Are there firearms or guns in your home?
Health promotion activities for middle adulthood should address
adequate rest,
leisurely activities,
regular exercise,
good nutrition,
satisfactory sexual function,
reduction and cessation of tobacco and alcohol use
In the United States, approximately 4% to 5% of the children live with grandparents and apart from parents. These families are called
skipped generation families
The term sandwich generation refers to
middle-aged adults who take care of older and younger generations of their families
The National Institute on Mental Health reports that stress can affect people in different ways. Consequently, it is important for caregivers who experience chronic stress to:
- Recognize the signs
- Exercise regularly
- Talk with your health care provider
- Set goals and priorities
- Stay connected
- Try relaxing activities
Advise caregivers to:
- Accept help from others.
- Join a support group or attend caregiver classes offered by organizations, such as the American Red Cross or the Alzheimer’s Association local chapter.
- Use community resources, such as respite care services or adult day care.
- Commit to keeping healthy; set personal health goals and see your primary care provider (PCP) for updates on screenings and immunizations.
- Avoid feeling guilty.
- Focus on what you are able to provide.
- Set realistic goals.
- Communicate with lawmakers and officials for information on policies that relieve financial burdens.
Physical Changes During Older Adulthood
physical appearance and mobility
skin
hair
facial structure
body build
Hair begins to turn grey due to the loss of
melanin
Cognitive Changes During Older Adulthood
During the normal aging process, mental health and cognition remain relatively stable
Severe changes in behavior and loss of cognitive function usually are symptoms of
physical or mental illness
mental illness examples
Alzheimer’s disease, acute delirium, or serious depression
According to Erikson the developmental task of older adults is
ego integrity versus despair
Older adults who attain ego integrity view life
wholeness, receiving satisfaction from past accomplishments, and accepting death as a completion of life
older adults with despair often
believe they made poor choices during the life journey and wish they could live their lives over again
According to Havighurst (1953), people who are 60 years of age and older must adjust to
decreasing physical strength and health,
retirement and reduced income,
death of a spouse,
the processes of establishing an explicit affiliation with their age group,
adopting and adapting to social roles in a flexible way,
and establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements
Many older adults rely on ______ _______ for their income
pensions and Social Security for their income
Living arrangements are influenced by a variety of factors, including
marital status,
financial well-being,
the value placed on living independently or with family members
the availability of social services and social support,
health status
family size and structure
cultural traditions
Sexuality in the older adult shifts from
procreation to companionship
intimate communication
pleasure-seeking physical relationship
Sexual activity depends on
the state of the person’s sex drive and the presence of illness or chronic conditions that affect activity and mobility
as well as on individual interpersonal circumstances, opportunities, and moral and religious beliefs
Older adults fare best when
they retain social status and opportunities for community participation
General objectives for promoting health and well-being in older adults include
- Promoting exercise
- Reducing hospitalizations that occur for a variety of reasons
- Reducing infections
- Reducing falls and fall-related deaths
- Increasing health screening
Stroke is the _______ ______ of long-term disability among adults in the United States
leading cause
Strokes are
cerebrovascular accidents that affect the cerebral circulation through blockage, with occlusive thrombi and emboli in the subarachnoid and intracerebral spaces
Risk factors for stroke include
diabetes
obesity
hypertension
hyperlipidemia
cardiac disorders
Hypertension refers to
elevated blood pressure readings, either diastolic or systolic, or both, over a period of time
Hypertension accelerates the
rate of atherosclerosis formation in the arteries
Older adults are less likely than younger adults to be screened for _____
cancer
Respiratory Diseases
Examples of senescence include
kyphosis (increased curvature of the spine), poor posture, a shortened thorax, chest wall stiffness, and an increase in the anteroposterior diameter of the chest wall, resulting in diminished respiratory efficiency.
Tobacco use (smoking) is
major factor in development of lung disease and impaired respiratory function
Secondhand smoke is known as
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or passive smoke
COPD is a general term used for
group of disorders characterized by impaired airflow in the lungs, which may require hospitalization of the older adult
Emphysema is characterized by
enlargement of gas-exchange airways and damage to the alveolar walls in the lungs
The major contributing factor for emphysema is
cigarette smoking
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease questions
- Have you had any respiratory problems in the past, such as asthma, pneumonia, or frequent respiratory infections?
- Have you ever had tuberculosis?
- Do you smoke?
- Do you experience shortness of breath when walking or lying down?
- Have you ever lived or worked in an area with heavy pollution from traffic, factories, or mining?
The risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) increases with
age
diabetes mellitus increase with age why
glucose intolerance and insulin resistance
Complications, many due to vascular changes, from diabetes that is not well controlled include
- Diabetic retinopathy due to altered circulation to the eye, leading to loss of vision or even blindness
- Kidney disease due to changes in blood flow
- Heart disease and stroke
- Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage), which can cause pain or a loss of feeling in the hands, feet, legs, or other parts of the body
- Dry skin and infections
- Poor wound healing due to impaired circulation, sometimes leading to foot ulcers and amputations
