Sensory Contributions to Skilled Performance - Chap. 4 Flashcards
what are the 2 major sources of sensory info
exteroception and proprioception
what is exteroception
provides info to the processing system about the state of the environment in which ones body exists
what is proprioception
provides info about the stage of the body itself
-term refers to sense of movements of joints, tensions in muscles and so on
exteroception and proprioception are what types of feedback
inherent (intrinsic)
info has to be what for feedback to be inherent
it is directly available to the performer and is available naturally through sense
what is the most prominent of the exteroceptive info sources and what is its 3 main functions
vision
-defining physical structures of the environment
-provides info about mvoement of objects in environment inr elation to your own movements
-detect your own movements within the stable environment
what is the second major kind of exteroceptive info
hearing (audition)
what are the 5 receptors that provide proprioceptive info
vestibular appartus
joint receptors
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
cutaneous receptors
where is the vestibular apparatus and provides what type of signals
inner ear
-signals related to movements, oes orientation in ones environment
how does the vestibular apparatus work generally
sensitive to acceleration of the head and positioned to detect the heads orientation with respect to gravity
where are joint receptors and what type of info do they provide
in capsule surrounding each of the joints
-info about extreme positions of the joints
where are muscle spindles and what type of info do they provide and why
within belly of skeletal muscle orientated parallel with mucle fibers
-provides indirect info about joint position and other aspects of movement
-muscles change lengths when the joints they span are moved, muscle spindle lengths are change as well
where is the golgi tendon organs and are very sensitive to what and provide ehwat type of info
near junction between skeletal muscle and its tendon
-level of force in the various pasts of the muscle to which they are attached
-info about what the limbs are doing
cutaneous receptors are critical for what
haptic sense
-sense of touch
homunculus refers to the amount of what
cortical representation in primary somatosensory (S1)
what is cortical representation
recreates features of the outside world in a language that is suitable for brain computation
in the homonuculus sensory receptors are what
more dense in these regions
the amount of brain area dedicated to a specific region is directly what
proportionate to the amount of sensory receptors
what are the 5 cutaenous receptors that let us know where our limbs are
-meissners corpuscle (tactile)
-merkles corpuscle (tactile
-free nerve ending
-pacinian corpuscle
-ruffini corpuscle
what are the 3 proprioceptors that let us know where our limbs are
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
joint receptors
what type of muscle fiber are muscle spindles
intrafusal
muscle spindles contain what type of receptor and they detect what 2 things
amount and speed of stretch
what are afferent neurons
sensory
-specififcally 1a
what are efferent neurons
motor
-specifically gama
muscle spindles detect changes in what 2 things
length and velocity
muscle spindles may assist in what
movement planning
-allows us to know where our limbs are in space
what are 4 key info muscle spindles detect in about limb
-posiiton
-direction
-velocity
-sense of effort
in the golgi tendon organs, when a skeletal muscle contracts, this leads to what 3 things and what does this do
-increased tension at musculo-tendinous junction
-inhibition of the agnoist
-excitation of the antagonist
*protects our muscles from getting torn
joint receptors include what 3 things
-ruffini endings
-pacinian corpuscles
-golgi-like (similiar)
do all joints have same joint receptors
no
joint receptors detect changes in what 3 things and esoecially at what
-force
-rotation
-joint position
ESPECIALLY
-extreme joint positions
what are the 4 things of the close looped system
-executive
-effector
-reference
-error signal
what is executive
where processes info, select response and prepare voluntary action
what is effector
what will produce the movement
what is reference
our goal
-reference of correctness agains twhich the feedback is compare to define an erroe
what is error signal
lets us know if made a mistake
-which is th einfo acted on by the exectutive
the closed lopp processes is an expansion of what
the conceptual model of human performance (informaiton processing)
go in order of the closed loop system
-
- executive system
-decision making processes
-stimulis identification, response selection, response programming - sends to effector system
-consists of motor program (produces commands for lower centers in spinal cord - result in contraction of muscle and movement of joints)
-at same time, info is specified to define the sensory qualities of the correct movement (anticipated sensory feedback) - output
-proprioceptive and exteroceptive feedback info (movement-produced feedback) - comparator
-action by performer is compared against their anticipate states
-computed difference represents error - returned to executive
what is feedforward info
represents anticipated sensory consequences of the movment htat should be received if movement is correct
the closed loop model is useful for understanding what
maintenance of a particular state
-necessary to perform any long-duration activities
what is a disadvantaeg of close loop control
slow
- especially when there is high demand for processing time, resources or both (many complex actions))
what are 2 types of tasks closed loop control is not effective for
-tracking tasks
-rapid, discrete tasks
when are tracking tasks not effective when it comes to closed loop system
when involve more than 3 changes in direction per second
-takes time to reprocess everything
-need to start loop over from beginning
what is an exmaple of proprioceptive closed loop control
knee jerk
-involuntary, reflex
explain what happens for the knee jerk to occur
-tap to patellar tendon which attaches the patella to the tibia, applies a brief downward movement of the kneecap
-cause kneecap attached to quadriceps, which is stretched a small amount
-muscle spindles respond by sending signal to spinal cord via afferent neurons
-the synapses connect with efferent neurons that lead back to same muscle that was strethced
-causing a brief contraction
what is a monosynaptic stretch reflex
connected by a single synapse
-afferent and efferent
what are multisynaptic reflexes
involve mutliple synapses
-stronger and mroe sustained than a monosynaptic
-arrives with slighlty greater delay
why does multisynaptic reflexes arrive with a slighlty greater delay
signal had to travel farther
-up to spinal cord
several synapses involved
how does the flow of info go for vision
-enters through eyes
-focused by lens
-eventually hits retina
-info travels along optic nerve
-sends that info back all the wya to primary visual cortex (V1)
-V1 organizes info for how it is going to use it (ventral or dorsal stream)
what does the retina contain
light receptors
-rods
-cones
what is the ventral stream
specialized for conscious identification of objects
-lie primarily in center of the visual field
-use to look at and identify something
the ventral stream system is severely degradedd by what and why
dim lighting conditions
-cause it focuses on center of visual field which is where our cones our found
-cones need light to operate well
what are cones
allow us to see colour and in detail
-located in center of eye
what are rods
used for movement (sensitive to motion) and seeing balck and white
-located everywhere
what causes optic ataxia
damage to dorsal visual stream
what is optic ataxia
can consciously see objects but difficulty interacting with them
-need to make conscious correction (can be slow and big overcorrextion)
what causes visual agnosia
damage to ventral stream
what is visual agnosia
cant recognize/determine objects or what direction but can mvoe and interact with them fine
what is optic flow and its found in what vision system
occurs as we are moving continuously in one direction
-dorsal
optic flow involves what 5 factors
-time
-direction
-environment
-stability
-velocity
what is the form of optic flow we talked about in class
know how quickly will be intercepting or interacting what an object
-direct perception
describe how light and size of image on retina work
as an object is far awar, ligth angles on retina are smaller - making image small
as object approaches light angles increase, making image on retina bigger
what is the value tau and how do you calculate
how quickly object is approaching us
tau=retinal image size / images rate of change in size
tau is calculated mathematically based on what
objects size
what is the key information about tau and optic flpw
-tau tells us when object will get to us
-NS can calculate info directly
-that direct perceotion is based on how fast retinal image is increasin
what is optic array
what is in our environemtn
-reflected angles of light
(array info on our retina)
what are the 3 major things of optic flow
-time to time contact
-direction of movment of objects
-balance
what does the moving wall experiment tell us
dorsal stream and postural control are linked
how do kids vs adults react to moving wall experiment
when wall moves in, makes feel like moving forward - so try to make correction backwards
KIDS
-plunk down on bottoms
ADULTS
-sway posture
how would dorsal stream work in regards to conceptual model
cause its nonconscious, relatively fast and inflexible, fed back to relatively low levels in CNS
-downstream from processes that select and initiate movement
-upstream from muscles and spinal cord
opertating at intermediate levels of system to make minor adjustments in already programmed actions
