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Motor Control - 2700 > Sensory Contributions to Skilled Performance - Chap. 4 > Flashcards

Sensory Contributions to Skilled Performance - Chap. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major sources of sensory info

A

exteroception and proprioception

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2
Q

what is exteroception

A

provides info to the processing system about the state of the environment in which ones body exists

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3
Q

what is proprioception

A

provides info about the stage of the body itself
-term refers to sense of movements of joints, tensions in muscles and so on

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4
Q

exteroception and proprioception are what types of feedback

A

inherent (intrinsic)

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5
Q

info has to be what for feedback to be inherent

A

it is directly available to the performer and is available naturally through sense

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6
Q

what is the most prominent of the exteroceptive info sources and what is its 3 main functions

A

vision
-defining physical structures of the environment
-provides info about mvoement of objects in environment inr elation to your own movements
-detect your own movements within the stable environment

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7
Q

what is the second major kind of exteroceptive info

A

hearing (audition)

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8
Q

what are the 5 receptors that provide proprioceptive info

A

vestibular appartus
joint receptors
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
cutaneous receptors

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9
Q

where is the vestibular apparatus and provides what type of signals

A

inner ear
-signals related to movements, oes orientation in ones environment

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10
Q

how does the vestibular apparatus work generally

A

sensitive to acceleration of the head and positioned to detect the heads orientation with respect to gravity

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11
Q

where are joint receptors and what type of info do they provide

A

in capsule surrounding each of the joints
-info about extreme positions of the joints

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12
Q

where are muscle spindles and what type of info do they provide and why

A

within belly of skeletal muscle orientated parallel with mucle fibers
-provides indirect info about joint position and other aspects of movement
-muscles change lengths when the joints they span are moved, muscle spindle lengths are change as well

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13
Q

where is the golgi tendon organs and are very sensitive to what and provide ehwat type of info

A

near junction between skeletal muscle and its tendon
-level of force in the various pasts of the muscle to which they are attached
-info about what the limbs are doing

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14
Q

cutaneous receptors are critical for what

A

haptic sense
-sense of touch

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15
Q

homunculus refers to the amount of what

A

cortical representation in primary somatosensory (S1)

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16
Q

what is cortical representation

A

recreates features of the outside world in a language that is suitable for brain computation

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17
Q

in the homonuculus sensory receptors are what

A

more dense in these regions

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18
Q

the amount of brain area dedicated to a specific region is directly what

A

proportionate to the amount of sensory receptors

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19
Q

what are the 5 cutaenous receptors that let us know where our limbs are

A

-meissners corpuscle (tactile)
-merkles corpuscle (tactile
-free nerve ending
-pacinian corpuscle
-ruffini corpuscle

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20
Q

what are the 3 proprioceptors that let us know where our limbs are

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
joint receptors

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21
Q

what type of muscle fiber are muscle spindles

A

intrafusal

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22
Q

muscle spindles contain what type of receptor and they detect what 2 things

A

amount and speed of stretch

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23
Q

what are afferent neurons

A

sensory
-specififcally 1a

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24
Q

what are efferent neurons

A

motor
-specifically gama

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25
Q

muscle spindles detect changes in what 2 things

A

length and velocity

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26
Q

muscle spindles may assist in what

A

movement planning
-allows us to know where our limbs are in space

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27
Q

what are 4 key info muscle spindles detect in about limb

A

-posiiton
-direction
-velocity
-sense of effort

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28
Q

in the golgi tendon organs, when a skeletal muscle contracts, this leads to what 3 things and what does this do

A

-increased tension at musculo-tendinous junction
-inhibition of the agnoist
-excitation of the antagonist
*protects our muscles from getting torn

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29
Q

joint receptors include what 3 things

A

-ruffini endings
-pacinian corpuscles
-golgi-like (similiar)

30
Q

do all joints have same joint receptors

A

no

31
Q

joint receptors detect changes in what 3 things and esoecially at what

A

-force
-rotation
-joint position
ESPECIALLY
-extreme joint positions

32
Q

what are the 4 things of the close looped system

A

-executive
-effector
-reference
-error signal

33
Q

what is executive

A

where processes info, select response and prepare voluntary action

34
Q

what is effector

A

what will produce the movement

35
Q

what is reference

A

our goal
-reference of correctness agains twhich the feedback is compare to define an erroe

36
Q

what is error signal

A

lets us know if made a mistake
-which is th einfo acted on by the exectutive

37
Q

the closed lopp processes is an expansion of what

A

the conceptual model of human performance (informaiton processing)

38
Q

go in order of the closed loop system

-

A
  1. executive system
    -decision making processes
    -stimulis identification, response selection, response programming
  2. sends to effector system
    -consists of motor program (produces commands for lower centers in spinal cord - result in contraction of muscle and movement of joints)
    -at same time, info is specified to define the sensory qualities of the correct movement (anticipated sensory feedback)
  3. output
    -proprioceptive and exteroceptive feedback info (movement-produced feedback)
  4. comparator
    -action by performer is compared against their anticipate states
    -computed difference represents error - returned to executive
39
Q

what is feedforward info

A

represents anticipated sensory consequences of the movment htat should be received if movement is correct

40
Q

the closed loop model is useful for understanding what

A

maintenance of a particular state
-necessary to perform any long-duration activities

41
Q

what is a disadvantaeg of close loop control

A

slow
- especially when there is high demand for processing time, resources or both (many complex actions))

42
Q

what are 2 types of tasks closed loop control is not effective for

A

-tracking tasks
-rapid, discrete tasks

43
Q

when are tracking tasks not effective when it comes to closed loop system

A

when involve more than 3 changes in direction per second
-takes time to reprocess everything
-need to start loop over from beginning

44
Q

what is an exmaple of proprioceptive closed loop control

A

knee jerk
-involuntary, reflex

45
Q

explain what happens for the knee jerk to occur

A

-tap to patellar tendon which attaches the patella to the tibia, applies a brief downward movement of the kneecap
-cause kneecap attached to quadriceps, which is stretched a small amount
-muscle spindles respond by sending signal to spinal cord via afferent neurons
-the synapses connect with efferent neurons that lead back to same muscle that was strethced
-causing a brief contraction

46
Q

what is a monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

connected by a single synapse
-afferent and efferent

47
Q

what are multisynaptic reflexes

A

involve mutliple synapses
-stronger and mroe sustained than a monosynaptic
-arrives with slighlty greater delay

48
Q

why does multisynaptic reflexes arrive with a slighlty greater delay

A

signal had to travel farther
-up to spinal cord
several synapses involved

49
Q

how does the flow of info go for vision

A

-enters through eyes
-focused by lens
-eventually hits retina
-info travels along optic nerve
-sends that info back all the wya to primary visual cortex (V1)
-V1 organizes info for how it is going to use it (ventral or dorsal stream)

50
Q

what does the retina contain

A

light receptors
-rods
-cones

51
Q

what is the ventral stream

A

specialized for conscious identification of objects
-lie primarily in center of the visual field
-use to look at and identify something

52
Q

the ventral stream system is severely degradedd by what and why

A

dim lighting conditions
-cause it focuses on center of visual field which is where our cones our found
-cones need light to operate well

53
Q

what are cones

A

allow us to see colour and in detail
-located in center of eye

54
Q

what are rods

A

used for movement (sensitive to motion) and seeing balck and white
-located everywhere

55
Q

what causes optic ataxia

A

damage to dorsal visual stream

56
Q

what is optic ataxia

A

can consciously see objects but difficulty interacting with them
-need to make conscious correction (can be slow and big overcorrextion)

57
Q

what causes visual agnosia

A

damage to ventral stream

58
Q

what is visual agnosia

A

cant recognize/determine objects or what direction but can mvoe and interact with them fine

59
Q

what is optic flow and its found in what vision system

A

occurs as we are moving continuously in one direction
-dorsal

60
Q

optic flow involves what 5 factors

A

-time
-direction
-environment
-stability
-velocity

61
Q

what is the form of optic flow we talked about in class

A

know how quickly will be intercepting or interacting what an object
-direct perception

62
Q

describe how light and size of image on retina work

A

as an object is far awar, ligth angles on retina are smaller - making image small
as object approaches light angles increase, making image on retina bigger

63
Q

what is the value tau and how do you calculate

A

how quickly object is approaching us
tau=retinal image size / images rate of change in size

64
Q

tau is calculated mathematically based on what

A

objects size

65
Q

what is the key information about tau and optic flpw

A

-tau tells us when object will get to us
-NS can calculate info directly
-that direct perceotion is based on how fast retinal image is increasin

66
Q

what is optic array

A

what is in our environemtn
-reflected angles of light
(array info on our retina)

67
Q

what are the 3 major things of optic flow

A

-time to time contact
-direction of movment of objects
-balance

68
Q

what does the moving wall experiment tell us

A

dorsal stream and postural control are linked

69
Q

how do kids vs adults react to moving wall experiment

A

when wall moves in, makes feel like moving forward - so try to make correction backwards
KIDS
-plunk down on bottoms
ADULTS
-sway posture

70
Q

how would dorsal stream work in regards to conceptual model

A

cause its nonconscious, relatively fast and inflexible, fed back to relatively low levels in CNS
-downstream from processes that select and initiate movement
-upstream from muscles and spinal cord
opertating at intermediate levels of system to make minor adjustments in already programmed actions

71
Q
A

Motor Control - 2700 (11 decks)

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