Chapter 10 - Structuring Practice

Question 1

what are 5 things you need to consider when trying to structure a practice

Answer 1

-how long
-how many rests
-how many diff. activities
-how much time between practices
-how much structure

Question 2

what are 4 off-task practice aspects

Answer 2

motivation, instructions, demonstrations, mental practice
-can occur in absence of any PA
-BUT more effective if are interspersed with physical practice

Question 3

why does motivation affect a learners practice

Answer 3

they devote greater effort to the task, with more serious rpactice and longer practice periods, leading to more effective learning

Question 4

what are three basic needs taht determine an individuals intrinsic motivation

Answer 4

-autonomy
-competence
-relatedness (being accepted within a social context)

Question 5

what are 3 specific facotrs that influence motivation that may afftect motor learning

Answer 5

-goal setting
-augmented feedback
-self-regulation of practice

Question 6

what group would perform better, one that has a goal or one that was told to do their best

Answer 6

one with the goal
-maintain in retention test

Question 7

positive augmented feedback can provide what to motor learning

Answer 7

a boost, even if the feedback is not entirely true (false-positive-normative feedback)

Question 8

what is self-regulation of practice

Answer 8

providing some control over the learning environment

Question 9

when self-regulaiton is used for practicing a skill, learners are typically told what

Answer 9

-can control how much practice to undertake, when augmented feedback will be provided
or
-how to organize the practice schedule

Question 10

in self-regulation practice studies, what are the yoked groups

Answer 10

control groups that are provided the same schedule of feedback delivery as the self-selected group, however they did not get to select it

Question 11

effective instructors often begin a demonstration by simply saying what

Answer 11

do this

Question 12

instructions have been determined to play a strong role in what 2 forms concerning motor learning

Answer 12

verbal
-directing attentional focus
nonverbal
-demonstrations and mdoeling

Question 13

through verbal instructions, for most performers, instructing them to pay attention to what produces more skilled performance compared to what

Answer 13

intended result of an action (external focus) compared to pay attention to aspects of the movement itself (internal focus)
-perhaps with exception of beginners

Question 14

does mental practice procedures actually generate motor learning

Answer 14

not as much as physical practice but it does result in far more improvement than in no-practice control groups

Question 15

What should you limit your verbal instructions to

Answer 15

1 or 2 points

Question 16

demonstrations are also known as what

Answer 16

modeling

Question 17

demonstration increases what in relation to a neural basis

Answer 17

mirror neurons
-thye respond to actions that we observe
-create direct link between send of a message and its receiver

Question 18

an fMRI found mirror neurons primarily in what part of the human brain

Answer 18

-premotor cortex
-supplementary motor area
-inferior frontal gyrus

Question 19

what is the cognitive view of how mental practice generates new task learning

Answer 19

-facilitates the learning of what to do (only really present in early stages of learning)

Question 20

mental practice is not just what

Answer 20

cognitive or symbolic learning

Question 21

what is the neural explanation of how mental practice works

Answer 21

-during mental practice, the motor system produces minute contractions of the participating musculature (mushc smaller than what is actually needed) - movement is carried out in the CNS, providing practice even without moving body - emgs show evidence of weak activities during mental practice (does not resemble pattern of actual movement tho)

Question 22

what are the 2 roles for mental practice

Answer 22

-skill aquisition
-performance preparation

Question 23

practicing 4h a day leads to what 2 things

Answer 23

-least effective in schedule in terms of learning
-most efficient in terms of total practice time

Question 24

what is massed practice

Answer 24

provides relatively little rest between trials

Question 25

what is distributed practiced

Answer 25

lots of rest -perhaps with a rest period between etrials that is as long as the trial itself

Question 26

for a given number of practice trials, decreasing the amount of rest between trials reduces what

Answer 26

the time available for dissipation of fatigue, degrading performance on the next practice trial and perhaps interfefering with learning

Question 27

what effect does reducing the rest time through massed practice affect learning for discrete tasks

Answer 27

no evidence that it affects learning -trials are so short, it is very difficult to make rest periods short enough to affect performance

Question 28

what are the effects of distributed practice on continuous tasks

Answer 28

-longer rest periods lead to more skilled performance during practice and on retention test

Question 29

what is the costs of longer rest periods even if they lead to positive effects on performance and learning

Answer 29

-lost time however, costs of rest periods in training might outweigh the benefits of learning

Question 30

how can you have rest periods in practice but still make time between physical practice trials both effect and efficient

Answer 30

mental practice and observation

Question 31

rests during periods of physical practice can encourage what

Answer 31

self-evaluation of performance outcomes

Question 32

what are invariences

Answer 32

properties that remain unchanged regarless of changes in the conditions

Question 33

members of a class of movements have what 4 characteristics

Answer 33

-common movement sequencing exists among the elements -common temporal, or rhythmical, organizaion exists -same action can often be carried out with different effectors -same action can differ in surface features on 2 diff. occasions, specified by diff. movement parameters

Question 34

action patterns are governed by what

Answer 34

generalized motor programs

Question 35

what do schemas allow for

Answer 35

-generate movement with parameter values based on the learners past experience in using this generla motor program -allows learner to make a movement that they have never made previously by estimating based on their past experiences

Question 36

what is constant-practice

Answer 36

practicing only a single member of a class of task

Question 37

what is variable practice

Answer 37

praciticing several members of the class of tasks

Question 38

what are learners performance like during practice and when switched to a novel version of a task on a transfer test, for constant and variable practice

Answer 38

-during practice constant does better -during novel task variable group does better

Question 39

variable practice enhances what

Answer 39

generalizability -allows performers to apply past learning to actions not specifically experienced before in practice

Question 40

schema theory predicts that variable rpactice is best suited for performance that applies what

Answer 40

novel movement parameters to just a sinlge version of the general motor program

Question 41

what part of the conceptual model is variable practice aimed at

Answer 41

response programming

Question 42

what part of conceptual model allows us to know what diff. variations of a general motor programs parameters feel like

Answer 42

proprioceptive feedback

Question 43

what part of the conceptual model makes us able to know what diff. variations of general motor programs look like

Answer 43

exteroceptive feedback

Question 44

what are 3 key points of the schema theory

Answer 44

-learning general rules for applying parameters -learning to parametize the general motor program -allows learner to attempt novel variations of a skill

Question 45

how to improve schema learning, what does this improve also and why

Answer 45

variable practice -improves generlizability because you are practicing adding parameters and comparing

Question 46

when skills require different general motor programs, what does this create

Answer 46

contextual interferance

Question 47

what is contextual interference

Answer 47

memory and performance disruption that occurs when perform multiple skills or variations within one practice session

Question 48

high contextual interference leads to what

Answer 48

better learning -during practice will perform worse BUT perform better during retention and transfer

Question 49

what is blocked practice

Answer 49

all trials of a given task are completed before moving on to the next task

Question 50

what is random practice

Answer 50

order of task presentation is mixed across the practice period

Question 51

what is the evidence of random practice being effective like in the lab

Answer 51

consisten across many studies

Question 52

random practice sees benefit in particular for what

Answer 52

performance in novel test contexts -transfer tests

Question 53

what are 2 reasons as to why random practice is so effective

Answer 53

elaboration hypothesis forgetting hypothesis

Question 54

according to the elaboration hypothesis because of random practice memory representations of the diff. skill variations are what

Answer 54

elaborated

Question 55

according to the elaboration hypothesis because of random practice memory is more robust because

Answer 55

the learner has to keep each diff. variation of the task in their working memory -helps limit confusing because keep switching, helps differenciate

Question 56

according to the elaboration hypothesis because of random practice it allows the learner to what

Answer 56

compare and contrast the skill variations

Question 57

according to the elaboration hypothesis because of random practice memory becomes more what

Answer 57

elaborate and distinct

Question 58

what is the idea behin the action forgetting hypothesis

Answer 58

learner forgets and then needs to reconstruct the action plan for each practice trial -random practice provides more opportunity for this than blocked -this skill is necessary for a retention test and for later performance

Question 59

the elaboration and forgetting hypotheses are what when it comes to random practice

Answer 59

not mutually exclusive

Question 60

random practice leads to what 2 main thigns

Answer 60

stronger memory representation fo mvoemetn -better motor programming processes

Question 61

other than the hypotheses, what is some other reason that random practice is beneficial

Answer 61

increased contextual interference requires more attention during practice which leads to a more engaged practice -a decrease in this can lead to learners over estimating what they have learned **motivation/engagement

Question 62

does random practice work in non-laboratory tasks

Answer 62

yes

Question 63

in the baseball study for random practice, it lead to what

Answer 63

more sustained learning over time

Question 64

what are 2 limitations of random practice

Answer 64

motor skill characteristics -if skill too advance, cant even perform one trial, so too hard learner charactersitcis -trying to teach a skill to the wrong person

Question 65

what type of contextual interference leads to better learning for kids

Answer 65

less

Question 66

what type of practice is best for kids

Answer 66

variable practice

Question 67

there is some evidence that beginners learn better with what type of practice

Answer 67

blocked -but not forever

Question 68

what does the challenge point framework predict

Answer 68

that practice conditions should be selected to optimally challenge the learner

Question 69

what does the challenge point framework predict when it comes to random practice

Answer 69

optimal for low level of difficulty

Question 70

what does the challenge point framework predict when it comes to blocked or serial practice

Answer 70

good for high levels of difficulty

Question 71

what are 2 other options other than blocked and random practice

Answer 71

hybrid schedules practice contingencies

Question 72

motor ____ is task specific

Answer 72

capability -guiding principle when designing practice

Question 73

positive transfer occurs when what are similiar

Answer 73

physical and mental characteristics

Question 74

variability helps learners to develop skills that are what

Answer 74

stable and adaptable

Question 75

mental practice is particularly advantageous when it comes to rehabilition because

Answer 75

duration of phhysical practice is limited due to fatigue and resources