Performance of Complex Movements - Chap. 7 Flashcards
the CNS prefers to perform what type of movements
symmetrical
-in phase then antiphase
what are asymetric coordination patterns
anything thats not inphase or antiphase
according to fitts law, how shoudl the bimanual tasks go
each limb would arrive at its target in a movement time that was consistent with the tasks ID
-congruent tasks mt similiar
-incogruent tasks mt should be faster for limb moving to the smaller index of difficulty
when performing a bimanual fitts task what dictates the movement time
the more difficult task
-tend to slow down hand doing easy task to match the speed of the hand doing the more difficult one
what stage of info processing is the bottlneck found in
response programming
the idea that the limbs want to move symmetrically occurs beacuse of what
bottlneck during reponse programming
hwat is bimanual coordination
two limbs perform tasks at same time
-whether its same task or a different one
for locomotion what tasks will have the least amount of variability
when moving at prefered speed and coordination pattern
-ex: walking fast and running slow are difficult to achieve
what happens when one starts moving outside of their comfortable zone
variability increases
how can we measure how consistent coordination is when it comes to limbs
by comparing where one limb is relative to another
what is antiphases relative phase
0 degrees
-one limb relative to another should always be insync
ex: both limbs at 90 degrees, then 90-90=0
antiphase relative phase
180 degrees
-one limb at full extension other is at side
-180-0=180 degrees
asymetrical pattern of relative phase
90 degrees
-90-0=90
OR
-180-90=90
3 factors of coordination dynamics
-humans rpefer symmetrical patterns
-self-organization
-control parameters
what are our 2 main sources when it comes to learning asymmetrical patterns
proprioception and vision
compare speed-accuracy trade off when it comes to generalized motor program and dynamical systems theory
GMP
-movement longer=reduced speed
-accuracy decreases=variability increases
DYNAMICAL
-if variability increases=seek new coordination pattern
what is interpersonal coordination
degree of individuals synchronization of their body movements, both in time and form when they interact socially
to be an individual difference, stabel across what 2 things
-from attempt to attempt
-time
what are 2 ways that individual differences come in handy
-define ability
-predict future capacity
definition of ability
genetically determined and largely unmodifiable by practice or experience
-pasrt of the basic equipment people inherit
definition of skill
ones proficiency at a particular task
-can be modified by practice, represent person potential to perform those aprticular acitvities
4 characteristics of abilities
-inherited traits
-stable and enduring
-number perhaps 50
-each underlines many different skills
4 characteristics of skills
-developed with practice
-easily modificable with practice
-countless in number
-each depends on several abilities
what is the general motor ability
an outdated view
-the all-around athlete is one who possesses a strong general capacity for skille motor performance
-conversly, is the personw ho lacks a strong general motor ability and thus succeeds essentially no skilled PA
**all motor performances are based on a single ability
what is a similiar concept to general motor ability and describe
motor educability
-analogous to idea of IQ: innate capability to learn cognitive materials
-thought to represent some general ability to aquire new motor skills
**not considered a viable concept today
what are 3 key points to summarize the general motor ability notion
-single, inherited motor ability is assumed
-it underlies all movement/motor tasks
-strong general motor ability=good at all motor tasks
describe henrys specifcity hypothesis
-if person performs well on skill A then assume they have a strong general motor ability and will then perform well for skill B too
-vice versa
**leads to prediction that if general motor ability exists, with all skills being dependent on a single general motor ability, then all skills whould show strong relationshiops among them
what are 5 thigns found from henrys specificity hypotheiss
-correlations among diff. skills are generally low
-skills that apepar quite similiar usually correlate poorly
-lack of correlation argues against general motor ability
-skills with only minor difference can correlate strongly
-tells us there are many abilities and not simply a single general motor ability
abilities are _____ by practice
unmodifiable
different combinations of abilities contribute to what
different skills
contribustions of abilities to skill performance ___________ as ____________ changes
-
name 3 types of motor abilties
-reaction time
-speed of movement
-response oritentation
what is the relative age effect
those born early in the eyar tend to perform to a higher level than those born later
-have had more time in the world but are at start things such as school or sports at same time
prediction and selection based on ability is frequently used where
in sports and professional programs
-evaluation camp
-dentistry
-GPAs and post grad programs
how to predict succes
current ability + training and practice = future performance (criterion task)
how effective is skill prediction
better to base decisions when more skilled
-still not very good, too many unknowns
there is no general ability to be what 3 thigns
-quick
-balance
-use vision
**based on diverse abilities, no single ability, even if could be trained
-general abilites are also by definition genetically etermiend and thus cannot be modified by practice
bilateral transfer is also known as what other 3 things
-intermanual transfer
-cross-transfer
-cross-education
what is an example for bilateral transfer
training protocol for upper-extremity prosthesis
protocol
1.pre-test
2.practice
3. post-test
evidence for bilateral transfer has existed since when
1930s
what are 2 questions remaining about bilaterla transfer
-direction of greatest transfer
-why does it occur
what is bilateral transfer
possibility of transfer of a motor skill from one hand to the other
