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Motor Control - 2700 > Attention and Performance - Chap. 3 > Flashcards

Attention and Performance - Chap. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the legal rule of driving with phone

A

need hands free operation

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2
Q

what are 3 different applications of attention

A

perceptual
cognitive
motor

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3
Q

describe the idea of attention being a pool

A

attention is like a the water in a pool
1. the way the attentional resources (water) are allocated define how we use attention
2. that water is limited
-to get water back must stop doing a task or get more efficient at it

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4
Q

what is conscious attention

A

conscious awareness
-selective attention

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5
Q

what is cognitive attention

A

amount of cognitive effort to perform a task

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6
Q

what are broad categories of task attention is needed for

A

multitasking
attention to detail
making rapid decisions
vigilance (sustained attention)

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7
Q

what are 2 examples of why vigilance is important in attention

A

important for things like driving and working (influences how long we should have shifts for)

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8
Q

as we practice tasks we learn how to shift our attention in what 4 ways

A
  1. to events in the environment
  2. monitoring and correcting our actions
  3. planning future actions
  4. doing many other processes that compete for the limited resources of attentional capacity
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9
Q

in which stage of informatino processing does parallel processing occur most in

A

stimulus identification

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10
Q

what is parallel processing

A

2 or more streams of info can enter the system at the same time and can be processed together without interfering with each other

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11
Q

there is considerable interference that often exists among what task in information processing

A

movement programming

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12
Q

what is the stroop effect and give an example and why

A

illustrates how the atuomaticity of reading can interfere with our perfance
-difficulty naming a physical colour when it is used to spell the name of another colour
-process both colour and writing letters in parallel which creates conflict when it comes to response selection

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13
Q

what is the cocktail party effect in this class

A

if you are having your own conversation and there is a seperate convo going on near you, you are able to focus on what the people you are talking to are saying and ignore what others are saying
-however, if you hear a word in relavince to you, for example your own name, it will catch your attention
-even though not consciously listening, if someone says something relevant to you, you hear it (procces info in parallel)

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14
Q

what are 3 types of sensory information that can be processed in parallel in the stimulus identification stage and give an example for each

A

-parts of the visual display (what you see)
ex: Stroop effect
-sensory signals
ex: posture and locomotion
-salient info (most noticeable or important)
ex: cocktail party effect

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15
Q

in what type of visual display is parallel processing helpful

A

large visual display

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16
Q

sustained attention tends to wane after what

A

extended periods of information processing

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17
Q

what is inattention blindness

A

we can miss obvious features in our environment when we are engaged in attentive visual search

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18
Q

what type of environemnt skill is tunnel vision effective for and not

A

effective: closed skills
not: open skills

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19
Q

what is another word for sustained attention

A

vigilance

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20
Q

what are 4 factors that influence vigilance

A

-motivation
-arousal
-fatigue
-environmental factors

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21
Q

what 2 things can influence the amount of time it may take for response selection

A

-number of distractors
-similarity of distractors

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22
Q

what are 4 characteristics of automatic processing

A
  1. fast
  2. not attention demanding (processes do not generate much interference with other tasks)
  3. can be done in parallel
  4. involuntary
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23
Q

what are 4 characteristics of controlled processing

A
  1. slow
  2. attention demanding (with interference caused by competing processing)
  3. serially organized
  4. voluntary
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24
Q

when is interence between tasks the most obvious and what stage of the informatino process does this happen in

A

when performaer must perform 2 actions simultaneously
-response selection cause they require that hcoices be made among several possible alternative responses

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25
Q

automatice info processing is thought to be the result of what

A

an enormous amount of rpactice

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26
Q

what is the benefit of automaticity

A

processing info in parallel, quickly, and without interference from other processing tasks
-ability to attend to other aspects of performance
-effective when environement is stable and predictable (closed skills)

27
Q

What is a disadvantage of automaticity

A

will perform the expected movement when it may not always be the best choice
-not effective when environment changes often (open skill)
-so many more patterns are possible - would have to develop automatic response to all of them (possible but with practice)

28
Q

when is automaticity most effective

A

in closed skills where envionrment is mostly predictable

29
Q

what is the double stimulation paradigm give example

A

subject is required to respond with separate responses to each of 2 stimuli presented very closely in time
-respond to a tone by lifting right hand
-very short time following the tone
-light appears, and respond by lifting left hand

30
Q

what is stimulus onset asynchrony

A

duration of between the 2 stimuli in a double stimulation paradigm

31
Q

what is the single channel hypothesis

A

argues that processing of a first stimulus and response completely blocks the processing of a second stimulus and response until such time that the processing of the first response and stimulus has been completed

32
Q

what are you looking for whne using a double stimulus paradigm

A

interested in how long it takes to respond to second stimulus

33
Q

in the double sitmulation paradigm, there is usually a delay to the response of the second stimuli becuase of what

A

due to interference with movement programming
-single channel hypothesis

34
Q

what is critical in psychological refractory period and why

A

stimulus onset asynchrony
-it determines if and how long response will be delayed

35
Q

when does grouping of 2 sitmuli happen and what is it

A

when 2 stimuli appear really close together in time - 30-40ms of stimulus onset asynchrony
-processing them as if they were one

36
Q

what is psychological refractory period

A

delay in responding to the second of 2 closely spaced stimuli

37
Q

what is the bottleneck theory

A

processing that happens during movement/response programming
-can only organize and initiate one action at a time
-any other action must wait until stage has finished initiating

37
Q

what type of processing happens at each stage of information processing

A

stimlus identificaiton
-lots of parallel processing
response selection
-mix of automatic and controlled processing
response programming: cereal processing

38
Q

what is an explanation for the psychological refractory period

A

the bottleneck theory in response programming stage

39
Q

when is the bottleneck theory delay the largest and why

A

when the time between stimuli (stimulus onset asynchrony) is short
-at this time, the mvoement must be emitted before the stage can begin to generate second response

40
Q

what happens when the stimulus onset asynchrony is very short, say less than 40ms

A

grouping
-motor system responds to second stimulus in a very different way

41
Q

what are 2 methods that can be used for studying how attention demanding a task is

A

-double stimulus paradigm
-probe task

42
Q

what does the probe task inlcude and describe how it would go

A

primary task and secondary task
-while subject performs primary task, researcher would probe hte attention demanded in this main task by presenting a secondary task
-subject must respond to this task as rapidly as possible, either manually or vocally
-RT would measure the delay in responding to the probe

43
Q

when using the probe task technique the researcher would use the RT to the probe as a measure of what

A

the attention demanded by the primary task

44
Q

in the probe task, the more attention demanding the primary task is, this would result in what type of response to the probe

A

slower

45
Q

in probe task technique, the secondary task is usually what type of stimulus

A

discrete

46
Q

what is the problem for probe techniques when it comes to responding manually to the probe

A

this can produce specific interference effects with a manual primary task
-nature of the reposnse to probe was incompatible with movement require for primary taks
-attention demands assessed by delay in probe RT contaminated by compition between movement requirements

47
Q

when is there less competition between movement requirements

A

when responses require movement from things that are not associated with each other, for ecample moving limbs and making noise

48
Q

what is internal focus of attention

A

focusing on our body movements

49
Q

what is external focus of attention

A

focusing on result or goal of our actions

50
Q

when does choking occur

A

when performers change their normal routine, or fail to adapt to a changing situaiton and fail in their performance
-using pathways havent practiced using yet

51
Q

in almost all situations, what results in more skilled performance, external or internal focus of attention

A

external

52
Q

cell phone law is very based on what view of attention

A

output modality
-cant do 2 thigns at once if require same output modality
-for example, cant look at phone while driving cause need to look at road
-but can talk on phone while driving

53
Q

what is the problem with the cellphone law

A

elements of response selection and programming regardless of whether using different ouput modalities require our attentional resources
-response seleciton will be delayed even without a structural interference

54
Q

what is the inverted u principle

A

represents an early view of the relatioship between arousal and performance
-increasing arousla level generally inhances performance, but only to a certain point until it
-quality peaks at some intermediate value of arousal

55
Q

what is the idea behind the updated inverted u

A

takes into account that the relationship between arousal levels and performance is not that straight forward
-different people performa better under higher or lower amounts of stress
-depends on individual an dtask

56
Q

whats another word for tunnel vision

A

perceptual narrowing

57
Q

what does tunnel vision allow

A

the performer to devote more attention to those stimuli that are immediately most lilkely and relevant

58
Q

tunnel visino can be responsible for what

A

inattention blindness
-so focused on one thing you miss other things around you

59
Q

which stages does the hands free law of driving believe is affected

A

response programming

60
Q

explain the study we talked about in class about novel warning systems and what were the results

A

STUDY
-2 types of warning sytems: tactile from seat belt and auditory from speakers
-9 conditions : none, simple and complex convo with either no warning, tactile or auditory
RESULTS
-Tactile RT faster then no warning signal
-auditory RT no better than no warning

61
Q

physiologically, the results of the study about novel warning systems makes sense how

A

both visual and auditory info must go through cortex in order for us to respond
-tacticle info can mae use of networks and responses before it travels to cortex (faster route)

62
Q

based on the experiment we talked about in class about novel warning signals, complex conversations always caused RT to be what

A

increased

63
Q
A

Motor Control - 2700 (11 decks)

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