How we decide to move - Chap. 2 Flashcards
What is the order of the information processing approach
-input
-stimulus identification
-response selection
-movement/response programming
-output
what needs to happen before any action can be taken
information processing
stimulus identification, response selection, response programming
what is reaction time
the time it takes from the presentation of a stimulus and the occurence of a response to it
-whatever processing needs to be done before mvoement occurs
what are the 3 stages of reaction time
-stimulus identification
-response selection
-movement programming
what is the first stage of reaction time and give a definition
stimilus identification
-process of picking out a particular sitmulus among many stimuli which may be present
what is the idea behing the information processing approach
-stages non-overlapping
-all processing in a given stage is completed before passing on to the next
stimulus identification stage of reaction time is primarily what type of stage
a sensory stage
what is the second stage of reaction time and it answers what question
response selection
-what should i do?
give definition of response selection
deciding what response to make, given the nature of the situation and environment
what type of stage is response selection in reaction time
a transition stage between sensory input (stimulus identification) and movement output (movement programming)
what is the final stage of reaction time and give definition
movement programming
-organizing the motor system to make the desired movement
what are the general tasks of the movement programming stage must complete before any movement can occur
-ready lower-level mechanisms in brainstem and spinal cord for action
-retrieve and organize a motor program that will eventually control the movement
what type of stage is the mvoement programming of reaction time
motor type
what is the measurement of reaction time
speed and effectiveness of decision making
what 3 thigns are reaction time important for
sports
safety
theoretical understanding
what is the period of time of reaction time
starts when stimulus is first presented and ends when movment response starts
what is movement time
time that is taken to complete a movement
what is response time
reaction time and movement time together
-the time it takes to process the stimulus and decide on a response and how long it takes for the movement to occur
what are 3 factors that influence reaction time and desicion making
-number of stimulus
-response compatibility
-anticipation
an increased number of stimulus present makes what stage of reaction time harder
the simtulus identification stage
what is the definition of hicks law
the more options that are available to a person, the longer it will take for them to make a decision about which option is the best
give hicks law definition when it coems to reaction time
reaction time increases everytime response options doubled in a predictable manner
what is choice reaction time
performer must choose one response from a subset of possible predetermined movements
-2 or mroe stimulus
-2 or more responses
definition of foreperiod
interval between a warning stimulus and the imperative stimulus
what is simple reaction time
reactoin time of only one present stimulus
-1 stimulus 1 response
-fastest reaction time
donders work is based off of what idea
that the time between stimulus and response is occupied by a train of successive processes (stages)
-each one begins only when the preceding one has ended
why does donders stages of processing doesnt work perfectly
assumes that the stages are cereal
what is the first stage of donders processing
Tyep - A
-stimulus detection only
(simple reaction time)
what is the second stage of donders processing
Type C
-stimulus detection
-stimulus identification
(discriminate RT, GO NO GO reaction)
what is the third stage of donders processing
Type B
-stimulus detection
-stimulus identification
-response selection
(choice RT)
based off of donders stages, how do you find the time for stimlus identification in a discrimination task
subtract the simple RT from the discriminate RT???
based off of donders stages, how do you find the response selection from a choice task
subtract the choice RT from the discriminate RT??
what is hicks law in equation form
Choice RT = a + b log2(N)
a=RT-intercept
b=RT-slope
N=stimulus-response alternatives
what does the hicks law in equation form imply
that choice RT increases a constant amount every time the number of stimulus-response alternatives is doubled
Hicks law says that choice RT is linearly related to what
the amount of info that must be processed tor resolve the uncertainty about the various possible stimulus-response alternatives
what are 5 factors that influence reaction time
-population stereotypes
-practice/expertise
-anticipation
-preparation
-stimulus response compatability
what is stimulus response compatability
extent to which the stimulus and the response it evokes are connected in a natural way
what is the opposite of stimulus response compatibility
stimulus response incompatbility
for a given number of stimulus response alternatives, how does increasing the stimulus compatability affect choice reaction time
decreases it
what is population stereotypes
type of population stereotypes
-act habitually due to specific cultural learning
-learned association
what 2 major factors does research show that affect choice RT
-nature or amount of practice (or both)
-stimulus response caompatability
practice has a larger effect on simple or choice reaction time and why
choice rt
-practice reduces the steepness of the increase in RT as the number of stimulus response alternatives increases
why is anticipation a factor that can help decrease ones reaction time
knowing what to expected or what you must do, allows one to organize movements in advance
-completing some or all of the information processing activities usually conducted during response selection or moveming programming stage
what are teh 2 types of anticipation
spatial and temporal
what is temporal anticipation
ability to predict timing of forthcoming sensatinos and actions
what is spatial anticipation
ability to predict direction of forthcoming sensations and actions
definition of anticpation
way performers try to overcome the delaysw
definition of preperation
organize movements in advance
experts have a large advantage over novices in what
perceptual anticipation
how to obtain time for stimulus identification during a type c (choice) task
subtract choice reaction time from simple reaction time
how to obtain time for response selection in the discriminator task
subtract the discrimintor reaction time from the choice reaction tme
why is it so easy to false start in a 100m sprint race
if a racers reaction time to the go noise is less than 100ms (which may happen to those who practice a lot and get a quicker response time) that is considered a false start
-as well as the startle effect
what is the physiology of the startle effect
when a go signal is loud enough (around 100db)
-instead of initiating movement from motor cortex
-initiates it from brain stem pathways
-activating movement closer to actual muscles (pathway is faster)
factor that affects the capability to predict effectively
regularity of the event
what are the disadvantages of anticipation
-when anticipated action is not what actually happens
-can cause more processing activities needing to be done and a longer delay
what is the advantage of anticipation from a motor control percpective
it allows various information processing activities to take place in advance so they do not have to occur after the reaction stimulus is presented
what memory system is very brief - lots of information
short term sensory store
what memory system is this, temporary - requires rehearsal
short term memory
what memory system is this, long lasting - lots of infor
long term memory
what is the briefest of all memories
short term sensory store
what do we rely on our short term sensory store for
all our daily activities whenever we see, hear or feel things
the short term sensory store is responsible fore storing what
vast amounts of sensory info only long enough for some of it to be abstracted and further processed
what do they call the short term sensory store
a brief holding cell for sensory info
-not considered to be sustained by attention
researchers sometimes call short term memoru wjat
working memor
what is short term memory
a temporary holding place for info
-unless information repeated, will be lost from memory in a short period of time
what does long term memory contain
very well learned info that has been collected over a lifetime
how much can be stored in long term memor
limitless in capacity
-such info may never be forgotten
why do they say that info can still be in long term memory even if there is an apparent loss of inof
may just be due to a temporary inaccessibility of the stored info
-memory is still there but the retrieval of it posed a problem
