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senses Flashcards

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1
Q

perception

A

how your brain interprets the sensory input

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2
Q

psychophysics

A

study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

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3
Q

stimulus

A

any detectable input from the environment

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4
Q

threshold

A

dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect

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6
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect

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7
Q

signal detection theory

A

detection of stimuli involves decision process as well as sensory process

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8
Q

subliminal perception

A

registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

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9
Q

sensory adaptation

A

gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

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10
Q

light

A

electromagnetic radiation. amplitude is the height, measures brightness. wavelength is between crests, measures hue (color). purity measures saturation (relative amount of whiteness in a picture).

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11
Q

what forms an upside down image of objects on the retina?

A

cornea and lens

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12
Q

lens

A

transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina

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13
Q

accommodation

A

when the curvature of the lens adjusts to alter visual focus. lens gets rounder with close objects, flatter with distant objects

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14
Q

nearsightedness

A

close objects clear, distant objects blurry

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15
Q

farsightedness

A

distant objects clear, close objects blurry

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16
Q

pupil

A

opening in the center of the iris that permits light to pass into the rear chamber of the eye

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17
Q

retina

A

neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain.

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18
Q

optic disk

A

hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye

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19
Q

arrange from closest to outside to farthest: rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells

A

ganglion cells, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, rods and cones

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20
Q

cones

A

specialized vision receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision and visual acuity.

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21
Q

fovea

A

tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot

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22
Q

rods

A

specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision

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23
Q

dark adaptation

A

the process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination

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24
Q

light adaptation

A

the process whereby the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination

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25
Q

receptive field

A

retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of the cell

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26
Q

optic chiasm

A

the point at which the optic nerves from inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain

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27
Q

simple cells (vision)

A

respond best to a line of the correct width, oriented at the correct angle, and located in the correct position in its receptive field

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28
Q

complex cells (vision)

A

care about width and orientation, but respond to any position on their receptive fields

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29
Q

feature detectors

A

neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli

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30
Q

ventral stream

A

“what” pathway: perception of form and color

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31
Q

dorsal stream

A

“where” pathway: perception of motion and depth

32
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects

33
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar faces

34
Q

subtractive color mixing

A

removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there. ends in black.

35
Q

additive color mixing

A

superimposing lights, putting more lights in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself. ends in white.

36
Q

color blindness

A

encompasses a variety of deficiencies in the ability to distinguish among colors

37
Q

complementary colors

A

pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together

38
Q

afterimage

A

a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed

39
Q

opponent process theory

A

color perception depends on receptors that make opposite responses to three pairs of colors.

40
Q

trichromatic theory

A

human eye has three types of receptors : blue, red, green

41
Q

reversible figure

A

a drawing that is compatible with two interpretations that can shift back and forth

42
Q

perceptual set

A

readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

43
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to see objects or events because one’s attention is focused elsewhere

44
Q

feature analysis

A

process of detecting certain elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form

45
Q

bottom up processing

A

progression from parts to whole

46
Q

top down processing

A

progression from whole to parts

47
Q

subjective contours

A

perception of contours when none actually exist

48
Q

phi phenomenon

A

illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession

49
Q

depth perception

A

interpretation of visual clues that indicate how near or far away objects are

50
Q

binocular depth clues

A

clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes

51
Q

retinal disparity

A

objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so the right and left eyes see slighly different views of the object

52
Q

visible light

A

400-750 nanometers

53
Q

how long does dark adaptation take?

A

30-45 minutes

54
Q

interactions in retina

A

photoreceptor-bipolar cells-ganglion cells-optic nerve-brain

55
Q

auditory accessory structures

A 
pinna: outer ear flap thing
auditory canal
tympanic membrane: eardrum
malleus: hammer
incus: anvil
stapes: stirrup
56
Q

place theory

A

hair cell (organ of corti) at peak of wave. characteristic frequency

57
Q

frequency theory

A

20 hertz-20firing per second. volley theory-a group of neurons fire simultaneously.

58
Q

what does not go thru the thalamus

A

olfaction (smell). neurons-axons thru bony plate-> into brain. olfactory bulb connects to amygdala (emotion)

59
Q

fast pain pathways & slow pain pathways

A

a-delta fibers & c fibers

60
Q

proprioception

A

know where your body is.

connections: cerebellum (movement), autonomic nervous system (digestion), muscles of eyes (nausea).

61
Q

vestibular sense

A

position of head in space

62
Q

vestibular sacs

A

connect semicircular canals and cochlea. fluid filled. otoliths-ear stones-rest on hair endings.

63
Q

kinesthesia

A

where body parts are in relation to each other

64
Q

transduction

A

sound mechanical energy into neural response

65
Q

in vision and hearing, sensory info route:

A

receptors->sensory nerves-> thalamus-> cerebral cortex

66
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

stimulation of a particular sensory nerve provides codes for that one sense no matter how the stimulation takes place

67
Q

sound route

A

ear, thalamus, primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex

68
Q

timbre

A

like being able to hear different instruments. purity or complexity of the sound

69
Q

volume is

A

amplitude

70
Q

pitch is

A

frequency

71
Q

transduction of auditory info takes place in the

A

cochlea

72
Q

neurons fire most rapidly in

A

bright light

73
Q

lateral inhibition

A

contrast between light and dark, exaggerated.

74
Q

visual action potentials that reach thalamus are created by

A

ganglion cells

75
Q

sensation

A

what your senses pick up from physical stimuli

ap psych (7 decks)

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