final Flashcards
behavior
natural process subject to natural laws
mind
sensations, emotions, motives, memories, thoughts, etc not readily observable
dualism
mind body split
rene descartes
world follows observable rules
except mind
john locke
empiricism (acquisition of truth thru observations and experiences)
tabula rasa
empiricism
acquisition of truth thru observations and experiences (john locke)
thomas hobbes
mind/spirit/soul is meaningless
materialism (belief that only things that exist are matter and energy)
charles darwin
on the origin of species natural selection (all creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time)
wilhelm wundt
founder of the science of psycholoygy
edward titchener
student of wundt, brought science of psych to the us.
structuralism (elements of parts of mind would lead to understanding of whole)
introspection (subject describing conscious experience)
structuralism
elements of parts of mind would lead to understanding of whole
william james
opposed structuralism
functionalism (how mind fulfills its purpose)
functionalism
how mind fulfills its purpose
william james
biological psychology
relationship between anatomy/physiology and behavior
cat scans, pet scans, mris, etc
behavioral genetics
behavior attributed to genetically-based physiological characteristics
biological predisposition + environment
behaviorism
observable behavior
classical conditioning
pavlov, watson, skinner (operant conditioning)
now used in behavior modification
classical conditioning
behavior comes to be elicited by a formally neutral stimulus
john watson
assistant rosalie rayner
little albert
behaviorism
bf skinner
skinners box i can make you do anything operant conditioning (response associated with environmental outcome)
cognitive psychology
how people think
humanistic approach
emphasizes personal values and goals and how they influence behavior
maslow’s self actualization
carl rogers-unconditional positive regard
psychanalytic
freud
conscious vs unconscious
repression
sociocultural
environment has a huge impact on the person and how they behave and how others perceive that behavior
evolutionary approach
darwin
behavior explained as how it helps us survive
independent variable
manipulated variable in an experiment
group receiving is experimental group, group not is control group
dependent variable
what is measured, affected by the independent variable
representativeness
degree to which a sample reflects the diverse characteristics of the population that is being studied
do random sampling and random assignments
single or double blind
1: subjects don’t know if they’re control or experimental
2. subjects and researchers dont know which group is which
correlational research
observe naturally occurring differences
does not prove causation
confounding variable
unknown factor playing a role in an experiment
conceptual definition vs operational definition
conceptual: theoretical
operational: how will it be directly observed
internal validity
certainty with which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other, confounding variable
external validity
extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other contexts in the “real world”
reliability
whether or not the same results appear if the experiment is repeated under similar conditions
descriptive statistics
summarize data
inferential statistics
allow researchers to test hypotheses about data and determine how confident they can be in their inferences about the data
mean, median, mode
arithmetic average, most frequently occurring, middle number
represented by a normal curve
psychology
study of behavior and the mind
negative skew
positive skew
more exceptionally small values
more exceptionally large values
correlation coefficient
pearson correlation coefficient
numerical value that indicates degree and direction of relationship between two variables. ranges from -1 to 1. 1 is perfectly positive, -1 is perfectly negative.
inferential statistics
used to determine our level of confidence in claiming that a given set of results would be extremely unlikely to occur if the result was only up to chance
-generalize. sample representative of population.
null hypothesis
alternate hypothesis
treatment had no effect in an experiment
treatment did have edfect
american psychological association rules
IRB asses research plans participants give informed consent must be able to leave debriefing confidentiality
physiological psychology
study of behavior as influenced by biology
afferent
efferent
sending information to the brain (sensory)
conveying information from the brain (motor)
somatic nervous system
autonomic ns
responsible for voluntary movement of large skeletal muscles
controls nonskeletal or smooth muscles (heart and digestive tract)
hindbrain parts
cerebellum medulla oblongata reticular formation (RAS) pons thalamus
muscle tone and balance involuntary actions arousal passing neural info around sensory info (auditory and visual)
midbrain parts
tectum
tegmentum
together:
brain’s roof
brain’s floor
visual and auditory reflexes, such as orienting to a sight or sound
forebrain parts
limbic system hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus -lateral hypothalamus -ventromedial hypothalamus cerebral cortex sensory cortex motor cortex
emotional center memory formation anger and frustration (emotion) hunger and sex drives -on switch for eating -off switch thinking, planning, language use, fine motor control sensory input motor information
left hemisphere of the brain
expressive aphasia
receptive aphasia
language processing
paul broca
loss of ability to speak
broca’s area
inability to comprehend speech
carl wernicke’s area
right hemisphere of the brain
contralateral processing
visual and spatial information
roger sperry
split brain patients can describe objects without deficit if presented in the right visual field, but have great difficulty drawing the image. if the object is presented in the left visual field, the person can draw or choose the object but cannot explain it verbally.
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
high level thinking
somatosensory (temperature, pressure, texture, pain)
auditory input
visual input
excitatory neurotransmitters
inhibitory
excite the cell or cause the neuron to fire
inhibit (stop) cell from firing
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
gaba
glutamate
norepinephrine
endorphins
memory function and muscle contraction
arousal, sleep, pain sensitivity, mood and hunger regulation
movement, attention, reward; schizo, parkinsons
inhibitory neurotransmitters
alertness; low levels in depression
painkillers
signal detection theory
hit: signal present, participant reported sensing it
miss: signal present, participant didn’t sense it
false alarm: no signal, participant reported one
correct rejection: no signal, no report from participant
JND
just noticeable difference: minimal amount of distance between two stimuli that can be detected as distinct.
also weber’s law: greater the magnitude of the stimulus, the larger the differences must be to be noticed
