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memory Flashcards

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1
Q

storage

A

maintaining encoded information in memory over time

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2
Q

retrieval

A

recovering information from memory stores

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3
Q

attention

A

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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4
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A

hearing your name in a different conversation even though you weren’t listening

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5
Q

structural encoding

A

relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

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6
Q

phonemic encoding (aka acoustic)

A

emphasizes what word/thing sounds like

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7
Q

semantic encoding

A

emphasizes meaning of verbal input

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8
Q

levels of processing theory

A

deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes

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9
Q

elaboration

A

linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

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10
Q

imagery

A

creation of visual images to represent words. can be used to enrich encoding.

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11
Q

duel coding theory

A

memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall

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12
Q

self referent encoding

A

deciding how or whether information is personally relevant

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13
Q

motivation to remember

A

when MTR is high at time of encoding, people are more likely to exert extra effort to attend to and organize information in ways that facilitate future recall

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14
Q

information processing theories

A

sensory memory > short term memory > long term memory

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15
Q

sensory memory

A

preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

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16
Q

short term memory (STM)

A

limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for about 10-20 seconds

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17
Q

rehearsal

A

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information

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18
Q

phonemic encoding

A

like saying phone numbers again and again until you dial

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19
Q

decay

A

losing memory

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20
Q

chunk

A

group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

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21
Q

capacity of short term memory

A

7 plus or minus two

now 4 plus or minus two

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22
Q

working memory capacity

A

refers to ones ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

23
Q

long term memory (LTM)

A

unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time

24
Q

flashbulb memories

A

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of the circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events

25
Q

conceptual hierarchy

A

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

26
Q

schema

A

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event

27
Q

semantic network

A

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

28
Q

spreading activation

A

one word triggers another word, related through semantic networks

29
Q

parallel distributed processing (connectionism)

A

simultaneous processing of the same information that is spread across networks of neurons

30
Q

parallel distributed processing (connectionist) models

A

assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks

31
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that its just out of reach

32
Q

misinformation effect

A

occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information

33
Q

reality monitoring

A

refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one’s perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one’s thoughts and imaginations)

34
Q

source monitoring (error)

A

involves making attributions about the origins of memories

sm errors occur when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

35
Q

destination memory

A

recalling to whom one has told what

36
Q

forgetting curve

A

graphs retention and forgetting over time

37
Q

retention

A

refers to the proportion of material retained

38
Q

recall

A

a recall measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any clues

39
Q

recognition

A

requires subjects to reproduce information with clues

40
Q

relearning

A

memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before

41
Q

pseudoforgetting

A

not actually forgetting, but something you never really knew. what a penny looks like exactly. comes from a lack of attention.

42
Q

retroactive interference

A

occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info

43
Q

proactive interference

A

occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info

44
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

value of retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

45
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention

46
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

47
Q

long term potentiation

A

long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway

48
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories before onset of amnesia

49
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

loss of memories after onset of amnesia

50
Q

consolidation

A

a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long term memory

51
Q

declarative memory system

A

handles factual information

52
Q

nondeclarative memory sustem

A

houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses

53
Q

encoding

A

forming a memory code

ap psych (7 decks)

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