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biological psych Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information

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2
Q

soma

A

cell body of neurons, contains nucleus and such

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3
Q

dendrites

A

the parts of the neuron that are specialized to receive information

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4
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating material that encases some axons and acts to speed up the transmission of signals that move along axons

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5
Q

axon

A

long thin fiber that transmits signals Away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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6
Q

terminal buttons

A

small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

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7
Q

synapse

A

a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another

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8
Q

glial cells

A

glia are the cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons. they supply nourishment for neurons, help remove neurons’ waste products, and provide insulation around many axons

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9
Q

resting potential

A

neuron’s stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive

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10
Q

action potential

A

a very brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along an axon. does not slow down. “all or nothing.”

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11
Q

absolute refractory period

A

minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin

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12
Q

presynaptic neuron and post synaptic neuron

A

pre sends signal, post receives it

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13
Q

post synaptic potential

A

voltage change at a receptor site on a post synaptic cell membrane

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14
Q

reuptake

A

a process in which neurotransmitters are sponges up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane

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15
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles. attention, arousal, memory. inadequate supply is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

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16
Q

agonist

A

chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter

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17
Q

antagonist

A

chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter

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18
Q

monoamines

A

dopamine (used by neurons that control voluntary movements; lack of associated with parkinsons; overactivity associated with schizophrenia), norepinephrine , and serotonin (sleep/wake)

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19
Q

amino acids

A

transmitters: GABA, glutamate

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20
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid. INHIBITORY. regulation of ANXIETY in humans.

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21
Q

glutamate

A

only excitatory. learning and MEMORY. disturbances have been implicated as factors that might contribute to certain features of schizophrenic disorders.

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22
Q

endorphines

A

internall produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects. pain relief. may modulate eating and stress reactions.

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23
Q

two parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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24
Q

two parts of central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

two parts of peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

three parts of brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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27
Q

two parts of somatic nervous system

A

afferent nerves and efferent nerves

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28
Q

two parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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29
Q

parts of forebrain

A

cerebrum, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

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30
Q

part of midbrain

A

reticular formation (with hindbrain)

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31
Q

parts of hindbrain

A

reticular formation (with midbrain), cerebellum, pons, medulla

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32
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. includes somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

33
Q

nerves

A

bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system

34
Q

somatic nervous system

A

lets you feel the world and move around in it. made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors. these nerves carry information from receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS and carry commands from the CNS to the muscles

35
Q

afferent nerve fibers

A

axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body

36
Q

efferent nerve fibers

A

axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body

37
Q

autonomic nerve system

A

ANS is made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. controls arousal, fight or flight response.

38
Q

sympathetic division

A

branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources for emergencies

39
Q

parasympathetic division

A

branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources

40
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord. protected by skull and enclosing sheaths called meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid.

41
Q

spinal cord

A

extension of the brain. transmitting signals from the brain to the motor neurons that move the bodys muscles

42
Q

electroencephalograph

A

EEG is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp. resulting EEG recordings are translated into brain waves. often used in diagnosis of brain damage, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders.

43
Q

lesioning

A

destroying a piece of the brain, usually by inserting an electrode into a brain structure and passing a high frequency electric current through it to burn the tissue and disable the structure.

44
Q

electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)

A

sending a weak current into a brain structure to stimulate it

45
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

TMS is a new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain. cannot be done in deep areas of the brain

46
Q

computerized tomography scan

A

CT scan is a computer enhanced X ray of brain structure. multiple shots from many angles are put together by a computer to create a vivid image of a horizontal slice of the brain. used to look for abnormalities in brain structure for schizophrenia.

47
Q

positron emission tomography scanning

A

PET scans can examine brain function, mapping actual activity in the brain over time. radioactively tagged chemicals are introduced into the brain as markers. used to monitor chemical processes and to study the activity of specific neurotransmitters.

48
Q

magnetic resonance imaging scan

A

MRI scan uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement to map out brain structure. used for depressive disorders (shrinkage of hippocampus).

49
Q

medulla

A

hindbrain. attaches to the spinal cord, controls unconscious but vital functions (circulating blood, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, reflexes)

50
Q

pons

A

hindbrain. includes a “bridge” of fibers that connects the brain stream with the cerebellum. sleep and arousal

51
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain.” relatively large and deeply folded structure next to the back surface of the brainstem. coordination of movement and balance. fine motor skills.

52
Q

midbrain

A

integrating sensory processes such as vision and hearing. dopamine system originates here.

53
Q

reticular formation

A

running through hindbrain and midbrain. contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception. sleep and arousal.

54
Q

cerebrum

A

forebrain. center of complex thought. has cerebral cortex, outer layer of brain.

55
Q

thalamus

A

forebrain. relays sensory information except smell!!

56
Q

hypothalamus

A

forebrain. regulation of basic biological needs. four Fs: fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fornicating.

57
Q

limbic system

A

forebrain. includes hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, cingulate gyrus.

58
Q

hippocampus

A

limbic system, forebrain. memory consolidation.

59
Q

amygdala

A

limbic, forebrain. learning fear responses and other basic emotional responses

60
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

left and right halves of cerebrum.

61
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects two cerebral hemispheres.

62
Q

occipital lobe

A

forebrain, cerebrum. vision. primary vision cortex.

63
Q

parietal lobe

A

forebrain, cerebrum. primary somatosensory cortex. sensory strip.

64
Q

temporal lobe

A

forebrain, cerebrum. hearing/speech overlaps. primary auditory cortex.

65
Q

frontal lobe

A

forebrain, cerebrum. primary motor cortex. fine control (fingers, lips, tongue).

66
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another person perform the same action.

67
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

contributes to an impressive variety of higher order functions.

68
Q

can aspects of experience shape features of brain structure?

A

frick ya

69
Q

has research shown that damage to incoming sensory pathways or the destruction of brain tissue can lead to neutral reorganization?

A

um ya duh

70
Q

do studies indicate that the adult brain can generate new neurons??

A

of course!!!!! its called neurogenesis

71
Q

broca’s area

A

association cortex. difficulty speaking, not fluent.

72
Q

wernickes area

A

association cortex. cant understand or speak comprehensively. fluency intact.

73
Q

split brain surgery

A

corpus callosum is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures

74
Q

endocrine system

A

glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning

75
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances released by the endocrine glands. unlike neurotransmitters, hormones go long distances at slow speeds.

76
Q

pituitary gland

A

releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands.

77
Q

oxytonin

A

a hormone released by the pituitary gland, which regulates reproductive behaviors.

78
Q

nervous system

A

system responsible for receiving information, integrating it with previous information to generate choices and decisions, and guiding actions based on these decisions. contains the CNS and the PNS

ap psych (7 decks)

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