Sense Organ Test Part 2 Flashcards
What picks up sensory information?
sensory receptors
what is the simplest receptor?
dendrites of sensory receptors
what are the branching tips of the dendrites called?
free nerve endings
what is the area monitored by a single receptor cell called?
receptive field
What is arriving information in the CNS called?
a sensation
Where does touch pressure pain temperature and taste arrive at?
primary sensory cortex
where does visual auditory and olfactory information arrive?
the visual auditory and olfactory regions of the cortex
What is the awareness of sensation called?
perception
What is adaptation?
a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus
What are the general senses?
temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibrations, and proprioception
What is proprioception?
the body position
what are the special senses?
smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing
What are nociceptors?
pain receptors
What are nociceptors sensitive to?
temperature extremes, mechanical damage, or dissolved chemicals
what are thermoreceptors?
free nerve ending located in the dermis, skeletal muscle, liver, and hypothalamus
what are mechanoreceptors?
tension and pressure receptors
what are the three classes of mechanoreceptors?
tactile receptors/touch receptors, baroreceptors/pressure, and proprioceptors/position
what do tactile receptors provide sensations of?
touch, pressure, and vibration
What is the root hair plexus?
made of free nerve endings that are stimulated by hair displacement
What is another name for tactile discs?
Merkel’s discs
What are Merkel’s discs?
fine touch and pressure receptors
What is another word for tactile corpuscles?
Meissner’s corpuscles
What are Meissner’s corpuscles?
they are sensitive to fine touch and pressure and to low frequency vibration
What are lamellated corpuscles/ pacinian corpuscles?
large receptors sensitive to deep pressure and to pulsing or high frequency vibration
What are Ruffini corpuscles?
they are sensitive to pressure and distortion of the skin
What are baroreceptors?
provide information essential to the regulation of autonomic activity by monitoring changes in pressure
What are proprioceptors?
balance, positions, direction, found in ears
What are chemoreceptors?
receptors that pick up chemicals on the tongue
Where are taste receptors/ gustatory receptors located?
the surface of the tongue and adjacent portions of the pharynx and larynx
What are taste buds?
taste receptors and specialized epithelial cells that form from sensory structures
What are papillae?
the structures that protect the taste buds
what does each taste bud contain?
gustatory cells and supporting cells
What is the narrow opening that taste microvilli extend into?
taste pore
What are the four primary taste sensations?
sweet, salty, sour, and bitter
What are the two addition taste discovered in humans?
Umami and water
What are umami?
pleasant taste that is a characteristic of beef broth, chicken broth, and parmesan cheese
Where are water receptors present?
the pharynx
What are the accessory structures of the eye?
eyelids and exocrine glands, the superficial epithelium of the eye, structures associated with production, secretion, and removal of tears, and extrinsic eye muscles
What does the lacrimal apparatus do?
produce, distribute, and remove tears
what does the lacrimal gland?
tear gland, it provides most of the volume of tears
What is the lacrimal gland?
passageways that end at the lacrimal sac, tears enter in here
what are the six extrinsic eye muscles?
inferior rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, lateral rectus, inferior oblique, and superior oblique
What is located in the posterior cavity?
the vitreous humor
What is located in the anterior cavity?
the aqueous humor
What is the ciliary body’s function?
The ciliary body attaches to the iris
What is the suspensory ligament function?
Connects to the lens and holds it in place
Where are photoreceptors found?
The retina
What are the two types of photoreceptors?
Rods and Cones
What are rods?
don’t discriminate among colors of light and enable us to see in dim lighting
What are cones?
Provide us with color vision, sharper images, and help us see in the light.
What is the macula lutea?
Place where the highest level or cones are found; where you want the light to hit your eye
What is the center of the macula lutea called?
the fovea
Rods and cones synapse with what types of cell?
bipolar cells
What is the blind spot’s name?
optic disc
Which fluid fills the anterior chamber of the eye?
the aqueous humor
Which fluid fill the posterior chamber of the eye?
the vitreous humor
What do the vitreous humor do?
maintains the shape of the eye and holds the retina against the choroid
What is a focal point?
the point at which the light rays converge
What is accommodation?
the process of focusing an image on the retina by changing the shape of the lends
What are the rods and cones of the retina called?
photoreceptors
what do photoreceptors do?
detect photons
Equilibrium is provided by what part of the ear?
the inner ear
What does equilibrium inform the body of?
position of the body, linear acceleration, and rotation
What are the three anatomical regions of the ear?
external ear, middle ear, and inner ear
What is included in the external ear?
the pinna, the external acoustic canal, and tympanic membrane
Which glands create wax?
ceruminous glands
What is included in the middle ear?
the malleus, incus, and the stapes
What is included in the inner ear?
cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals
What is the fluid inside the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
What is the fluid that surround the membranous labyrinth?
perilymph
What is the first step of hearing?
Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane
What is the second step of hearing?
movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles
What is the third step of hearing?
movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure wave in the perilymph
What is the fourth step of hearing?
pressure waves distort basilar membrane on way to round window
What is the fifth step of hearing?
vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells
What is the last step of hearing?
information about the region and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the cns over the cochlear branch of N VIII
What does N VIII stand for?
vestibulocochlear nerve
What are special organs?
organs found in specific areas
what are general organs?
organs spread throughout the whole body (skin)
what are photoreceptors?
light receptors
what is gustation?
taste
what is audition?
hearing
what is vision?
sight
what is olfactory/olfaction?
smell
what is adaptation?
sense of adapting to surroundings
true or false. Not all taste buds have papilla.
true
What are pacinian corpuscles?
sensitive to heavier pressure
What happens to the vitreous humor as we age?
it becomes more liquidy
What is the first place light enters the eye?
the cornea
what is the second place light enters the eye?
the aqueous humor
what is the third place light enters the eye?
the lens
what is the last place like enters the eye?
vitreous humor
How does the iris change the size of the pupil?
circular fibers constrict the pupil to make it smaller in bright light while straighter fibers dilate the pupil in dim light
What is the convergence of the eyes?
two pictures from each eye merge at a focal point to create one image
What colors do cones see?
colors like red, blue, yellow, etc.
What colors do rods see?
Blacks, greys, and whites
Which is considered visual activity? Cones or Rods?
cones
Which is consider night vision? Cones or Rods?
rods
true or false. the iris and ciliary body are muscles.
true
What is the first step to seeing?
Retina
What is the second step to seein?
Optic Disc
What is the third step to seeing?
Optic Nerve
What is the fourth step to seeing?
Optic Chiasma
What is the fifth step to seeing?
Optic Tract
What is the sixth step to seeing?
Thalamus
What is the seventh step to seeing?
Optic Radiations/ Nerve Tracts
What is the eighth step to seeing?
Occipital Lobe/ Visual Cortex
What is another name for swimmer’s ear?
External Otitis
What is the function of the Eustachian Tube?
equalize pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane
