Integumentary test part 1 Flashcards
what are the two major components of the integumentary system?
the cutaneous membrane and the accessory structures
what is the main organ in the cutaneous membrane?
the skin
what are the accessory structures?
hair, nails, and exocrine glands
what are the five major functions of the integument?
protection, temperature maintenance, synthesis and storage of nutrients, sensory reception, and excretion/secretion
Where is thick skin found?
soles of feet and palms of hands
Where is thin skin found?
everywhere other than soles and palms
How many layers are in thick skin?
5 layers
How many layers are in thin skin?
4 layers
What are the layers of the epidermis? (bottom to top)
stratum germinativum (basale), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
What happens in the stratum germinativum?
cell growth, mitosis
Which cells are located in the stratum germinativum?
germinative cells
What is another cell produced in the germinativum?
melanocytes
What do melanocytes do?
synthesize melanin, substance that pigments skin
what happens in the stratum spinosum?
cells may continue to divide and add to thickness
What happens in the stratum granulosum?
cells no longer divide and begin to produce large amounts keratin, a protein
True or False. Keratin is extremely durable and water-resistant.
True
What does Keratin do?
coat the skin and form structures of hair, calluses, and nails
What color is the stratum lucidum considered and what is it?
clear, consists of flattened keratin filled cells
What is the stratum corneum?
layer of dead flattened cells that are keratinized, or cornified
How many layers are in the stratum corneum?
15-30 layers
what is carotene?
an orange-yellow pigment found in epidermal cells
What vitamin can carotene be converted into?
Vitamin A
True or False. UV radiation stimulates the synthesis of vitamin D3.
True
What pigment helps prevent skin damage?
Melanin
What is the papillary layer?
loose connective tissue that supports and nourishes the epidermis
What is the reticular layer?
consists of interwoven mesh work of elastic fibers and collagen fibers
What does the subcutaneous layer consist of?
loose connective tissue and fat cells
where is hair located?
every except soles of feet and palms of hand, etc
Where are hairs produced?
hair follicles
what is the hair papilla?
where connective tissue contains capillaries and nerves
What is the cuticle (hair)?
the surface layer of the hair
What is the cortex (hair)?
the layer beneath the surface layer
What is the medulla (hair)?
the core of the hair
What is the muscle that stimulates the hair?
arrector pili
What are the two types of exocrine glands?
sebaceous and sweat glands
What is a sebaceous gland?
and oil gland/ holocrine glands that secretes oil onto the hair or even the skin
What is the secretion from a sebaceous gland called?
sebum
What are large sebaceous glands prone to developing?
acne
What are the two types of sweat glands?
apocrine and merocrine
Where are apocrine sweat glands located?
armpits, nipples and the groin
What is another name for merocrine sweat glands?
eccrine sweat glands
True or False. Merocrine sweat glands are more numerous and widely distributed.
True
What percentage of water is the sweat that secretes from merocrine sweat glands?
99%
What is the primary function of merocrine gland activity?
to cool down the body
What are nails?
the dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes that are made of hardened keratin
What is the nail body?
dense mass of dead keratinized cells
What does the nail body cover?
the nail bed
Where does nail production take place?
nail root
What are the folds of the stratum corneum that exposes the nail nearest to the root called?
the cuticle
What is the lunula?
the pale crescent where blood vessels are obscured
What is a scab?
a blood clot that forms at the surface of a cut
What is granulation tissue?
combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and capillary networks
What is scar tissue?
inflexible, fibrous, non cellular tissue
What is a keloid?
A thickened area of scar tissues
What is the first step of a healing cut?
bleeding occurs at the site and mast cells trigger inflammatory response
What is the second step of healing a cut?
a scab forms and the stratum germinativum cells migrate along the edges of the wound. Phagocytic cells remove debris and clotting isolates the region
What is the third step of a healing cut?
the scab is undermined by epidermal cells migrating over the meshwork produced by fibroblast. Phagocytic activity has almost ended.
What is the final step of a healing cut?
The scab has completely shed and the epidermis is complete. A depression marks the injury and fibroblasts continue to create scar tissue.
True or False. Skin injuries and infection aren’t more common with age.
False. They are more common.
True or False. The sensitivity of the immune system in increased.
False. It is decreased.
True or False. Muscle become weaker and bone strength decreases.
True.
True or False. Sensitivity to sun exposure increases.
True.
True or False. The skin is rarely dry and scaly.
False. It is often dry and scaly.
True or False. Hair thins and changes color.
True.
True or False. Sagging and wrinkling of the skin occurs.
True.
True or False. The ability to lose heat increases.
False. It decreases.
True or False. Skin repairs are slower.
True.
