Sensation/Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

1) Sensitivity - how well a subject can sense a stimulus

2) Response bias - subjects respond in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

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2
Q

Feature Detection Theory

A
Certain cells are sensitive to certain features of stimuli
Measured from single-cell recordings
1. Simple - orientation
2. Complex - movement
3. Hypercomplex - shape
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3
Q

Illumination vs. Brightness

A

Illumination: objective measurement - amount of light falling on a surface
Brightness: subjective measurement - impression of the intensity of the light of a stimulus

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4
Q

Brightness Factors

A
  1. Adaptation - dark and light - dark: bleaching of rhodopsin into retinal and opsin
  2. Simultaneous brightness contrast - target appears brighter if surrounded by darker stimuli (lateral inhibition)
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5
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Adjacent retinal cells inhibit each other to sharpen and highlight borders between light and dark areas

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6
Q

Subtractive and Additive Color Mixing

A

Subtractive: pigments
Additive: light

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7
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Three types of color receptors - red, green, blue

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8
Q

Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision

A

Three opponent pairs - red/green, blue/yellow, black/white

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9
Q

Afterimage

A

Opposite color of the intense stimulus you just saw. Provides evidence for the opponent process theory.

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10
Q

Depth Perception: Overlap

A

Object A covers object B, partially hidden image seems further away

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11
Q

Depth Perception: Relative Size

A

Object gets farther away and image on retina gets smaller

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12
Q

Depth Perception: Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines converge in the distance, you know they don’t converge, so they must be in the distance

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13
Q

Depth Perception: Texture Gradients

A

Variations in perceived surface texture can indicate distance from observer, a change in the shape, direction

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14
Q

Motion Parallax

A

Variation in speed and motion of objects that are moving rather than you. Ex-car, train
Kinetic depth effect

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15
Q

Binocular Disparity/Stereopsis

A

Binocular depth cue

Distance between the eyes provides slightly different views of the world - combining of these views

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16
Q

Perception of form

A

Figure (object of importance) and ground (background).

Old and young women pictures are when they change

17
Q

Theory of Isomorphism

A

1:1 correlation of objects in perceptual field and pattern of stimulation in the brain
Now receives much speculation

18
Q

Preferential Looking

A

Studying visual perception in infants.

Present two stimuli at the same time. If difference in time spent looking, infant can distinguish.

19
Q

Habituation

A

Studying visual perception in infants.

Present 1 stimuli and let infant habituate. Introduce new stimuli. If infant habitues to new one, then can distinguish.

20
Q

Frequency

A

Hz - # cycles per second

Pitch is the subjective experience of frequency

21
Q

Intensity

A

Dbels - amplitude of sound wave

Loudness is the subjective experience of intensity

22
Q

Timbre

A

Quality of the sound. Ex- clarinet vs. piano

23
Q

Auditory Nerve Projections

A

Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

24
Q

Visual Nerve Projections

A

Superior colliculus
Lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
Visual cortex (occipital lobe)

25
Q

Place Theory

A

One spot on the basilar membrane vibrates for each different pitch

26
Q

Frequency Theory

A

Whole membrane vibrates, and rate of vibration equals frequency of stimulus

27
Q

Traveling Wave

A

Movement of basilar membrane is maximal at a different place along the basilar membrane, but it always vibrates for given stimulus

28
Q

Two-point threshold

A

Minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin so that the points will be felt as two separate stimuli

29
Q

Physiological Zero

A

Skin temp. Feel “cold” if drops below that

30
Q

Gate theory of pain

A

Special gating mechanism in the spine that signals on and off, whether we receive “pain” or not

31
Q

Vestibular Sense

A
  1. Balance
  2. Bodily position relative to gravity
    Semicircular canals in the middle ear
32
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A
  1. Bodily movement and position

2. Muscle, tendon, joint position

33
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

Present diff information in two ears and tell them to listen to just one of them. Can selectively attend.

34
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Performance is worst at extremely low or extremely high arousal

35
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Touch

36
Q

Weber’s law

A

K = change in I / I

Stimulus needs to be increased by constant in order to be noticed as different

37
Q

Fechner’s law

A

S = k log R

Strength of stimulus must be increased significantly to produce difference in sensation