Cognitive Flashcards
Ebbinghaus Experiments
Method of savings, forgetting curve
Memorizing random strings of letters
Mental Process of Memory
Encoding Storage Retrieval (Recall, Recognition)
Generation-recognition
You can recognize easier than you can recall. Extra step to then recall.
Stage Theory
Sensory, Short (Working), Long
Sensory Memory
Iconic, echoic
Whole report procedure
Partial report procedure
Short-Term Memory
5 +/- 2 chunks
Maintenance rehearsal
Chunking
Long-Term Memory
Elaborative rehearsal
Procedural memory (Implicit)
Declarative memory - Semantic, Episodic (Explicit)
Encoding of short-term memory verbal info
Phonology
Encoding of long-term memory verbal info
Semantics
Semantic verification task
Response latency
T/F for accuracy and see how long it takes to respond
Spreading activation model
Shorter distance between two words, closer they are related in semantic memory. Respond faster if similar.
KEY DISTANCE
Semantic feature-comparison model
Concepts are related by features. If lots or no overlap, respond fast. If some, respond slow. Turkey-Bird
KEY OVERLAP
Levels of processing theory
No memory systems. Just levels that it can be processed. Physical, acoustic, semantic.
Dual-code hypothesis
Info can be encoded visually and verbally.
Visually: concrete
Verbally: concrete, abstract
Can’t visually encode abstract.
Three types of memory theories
1) Stage Theory of Memory (short, long, sensory)
2) Levels of processing theory (physical, acoustical, semantic)
3) Dual code hypothesis (veral (abstract, concrete) and visual (concrete) encoding)
Tricks for remembering (mnemonic devices)
Chunking
Method of loci
Encoding specificity - state-dependent learning
Inhibition Theory
Retroactive inhibition: later interferes with earlier
Proactive inhibition: earlier interferes with later
Bartlett
Prior knowledge and expectations influence recall
Zeigarnik Effect
Remember incomplete tasks better than complete ones.
Impediments to effective problem solving
1) mental set - keep repeating solutions that worked before
2) functional fixedness - inability to see familiar objects in an unfamiliar way, out of what they normally serve
Creativity requires…
Divergent thinking
Heuristics
Availability: decision about frequency based on how easy to imagine items
Representativeness: categorizing whether they fit into prototypical image
Language Levels
Phonemes –> Morphemes –> Semantics –> Syntax
Theories of Language Development
1) Learning
2) Cognitive Developmental
3) Nativist - LAD built in
Grammatical structures (Chomsky)
1) Surface level
2) Deep/Abstract
- Transformational can change to question, etc.
Whorfian Hypothesis
Linguistic relativity hypothesis:
Perception of reality is determined by the content of language
Spearman intelligence
g (general factor)
s (specific factor)
Cattell 2 types of intelligence
1) fluid - increases in childhood and flattens out to decline
2) crystallized - increases throughout lifespan
Sensory
Connects perception and memory. Iconic (Sperling) and echoic.
Flashbulb Memory
Very vivid memory of a particular event, although not always very accurate!
Loftus
Formation of false memories
Lashley
Memories not stored in one specific area, but distributed throughout the cortex.
Eidetic Memory
Photographic memory
