Cognitive

Question 1

Ebbinghaus Experiments

Answer 1

Method of savings, forgetting curve

Memorizing random strings of letters

Question 2

Mental Process of Memory

Answer 2

Encoding Storage Retrieval (Recall, Recognition)

Question 3

Generation-recognition

Answer 3

You can recognize easier than you can recall. Extra step to then recall.

Question 4

Stage Theory

Answer 4

Sensory, Short (Working), Long

Question 5

Sensory Memory

Answer 5

Iconic, echoic
Whole report procedure
Partial report procedure

Question 6

Short-Term Memory

Answer 6

5 +/- 2 chunks
Maintenance rehearsal
Chunking

Question 7

Long-Term Memory

Answer 7

Elaborative rehearsal
Procedural memory (Implicit)
Declarative memory - Semantic, Episodic (Explicit)

Question 8

Encoding of short-term memory verbal info

Answer 8

Phonology

Question 9

Encoding of long-term memory verbal info

Answer 9

Semantics

Question 10

Semantic verification task

Answer 10

Response latency

T/F for accuracy and see how long it takes to respond

Question 11

Spreading activation model

Answer 11

Shorter distance between two words, closer they are related in semantic memory. Respond faster if similar.
KEY DISTANCE

Question 12

Semantic feature-comparison model

Answer 12

Concepts are related by features. If lots or no overlap, respond fast. If some, respond slow. Turkey-Bird
KEY OVERLAP

Question 13

Levels of processing theory

Answer 13

No memory systems. Just levels that it can be processed. Physical, acoustic, semantic.

Question 14

Dual-code hypothesis

Answer 14

Info can be encoded visually and verbally.
Visually: concrete
Verbally: concrete, abstract
Can’t visually encode abstract.

Question 15

Three types of memory theories

Answer 15

1) Stage Theory of Memory (short, long, sensory)
2) Levels of processing theory (physical, acoustical, semantic)
3) Dual code hypothesis (veral (abstract, concrete) and visual (concrete) encoding)

Question 16

Tricks for remembering (mnemonic devices)

Answer 16

Chunking
Method of loci
Encoding specificity - state-dependent learning

Question 17

Inhibition Theory

Answer 17

Retroactive inhibition: later interferes with earlier

Proactive inhibition: earlier interferes with later

Question 18

Bartlett

Answer 18

Prior knowledge and expectations influence recall

Question 19

Zeigarnik Effect

Answer 19

Remember incomplete tasks better than complete ones.

Question 20

Impediments to effective problem solving

Answer 20

1) mental set - keep repeating solutions that worked before

2) functional fixedness - inability to see familiar objects in an unfamiliar way, out of what they normally serve

Question 21

Creativity requires…

Answer 21

Divergent thinking

Question 22

Heuristics

Answer 22

Availability: decision about frequency based on how easy to imagine items
Representativeness: categorizing whether they fit into prototypical image

Question 23

Language Levels

Answer 23

Phonemes –> Morphemes –> Semantics –> Syntax

Question 24

Theories of Language Development

Answer 24

1) Learning
2) Cognitive Developmental
3) Nativist - LAD built in

Question 25

Grammatical structures (Chomsky)

Answer 25

1) Surface level
2) Deep/Abstract
- Transformational can change to question, etc.

Question 26

Whorfian Hypothesis

Answer 26

Linguistic relativity hypothesis:

Perception of reality is determined by the content of language

Question 27

Spearman intelligence

Answer 27

g (general factor)

s (specific factor)

Question 28

Cattell 2 types of intelligence

Answer 28

1) fluid - increases in childhood and flattens out to decline
2) crystallized - increases throughout lifespan

Question 29

Sensory

Answer 29

Connects perception and memory. Iconic (Sperling) and echoic.

Question 30

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 30

Very vivid memory of a particular event, although not always very accurate!

Question 31

Loftus

Answer 31

Formation of false memories

Question 32

Lashley

Answer 32

Memories not stored in one specific area, but distributed throughout the cortex.

Question 33

Eidetic Memory

Answer 33

Photographic memory