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AP Psych > Sensation/Perception > Flashcards

Sensation/Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Process our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus

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2
Q

Perception

A

Organizing and interpreting sensory information

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3
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

analysis beginning w/ sensory receptors, up to brain’s integration of sensory info

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4
Q

Top-down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, construct perceptions from experience and expectations

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and psychological experience of them

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus 50%

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7
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Predict how/when we detect faint stimulus amid background stimulation (assume no absolute threshold)

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8
Q

Subliminal

A

Below absolute threshold

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9
Q

Priming

A

Activation of certain associations, predispositions

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10
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between stimuli to be perceived 50% of the time

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11
Q

Weber’s law

A

Different stimuli perceived different by constant minimum percentage

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12
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensation from constant stimulation

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13
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of energy from one form to another

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14
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in center of eye

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15
Q

Iris

A

Ring of muscle tissue around colored part of eye, controls size of pupil opening

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16
Q

Lens

A

Behind pupil, focus images on retina

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17
Q

Retina

A

light-sensitive inner surface of eye, w/ receptor rods/cones

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18
Q

Accommodation

A

Process lens changes shape to focus

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19
Q

Fovea

A

point of central focus

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20
Q

Blind spot

A

Where optic nerve leaves eye

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21
Q

Rods

A

Black/white/Gray

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22
Q

Cones

A

Center of retina, fine detail, color

23
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries neural impulses from the eye to brain

24
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells for specific features like shape, angle, etc.

25
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing many aspects simultaneously

26
Q

Young-Helmholtz theory

A

Retina three cones-red, green, blue

27
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes enable color vision (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black)

28
Q

Audition

A

Sense or act of hearing

29
Q

Middle ear

A

Chamber between eardrum and cochlea w/ hammer, anvil, stirrup

30
Q

Cochlea

A

coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in inner ear

31
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs

32
Q

Place Theory

A

Pitch influence where cochlea is stimulated

33
Q

Frequency theory

A

Rate of nerve impulses matches frequency of tone

34
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Caused by damage to mechanical system

35
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to cochlea’s receptor cells or auditory nerves

36
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Converts sound to electrical signals

37
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Sensing position and movement of body parts

38
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Body movement and position and balance

39
Q

Gate-control theory

A

Large-block

Small-open

40
Q

Basic tastes

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

41
Q

Sensory interaction

A

One sense influence another (smell, taste)

42
Q

Gestalt

A

Emphasize integration of pieces to whole

43
Q

Figure-ground

A

Organization of figures and surroundings

44
Q

Grouping

A

Organize stimuli into groups

45
Q

Depth perception

A

3-D

46
Q

Binocular cues

A

depth cues, retinal disparity

47
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Two images from two eyes. Greater difference, closer it is

48
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues; interposition, linear perspective

49
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Illusion of movement

50
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as light/shape change

51
Q

Color constancy

A

consistent color

52
Q

Perceptual adaptation

A

Ability to adjust

53
Q

Perceptual set

A

mental predisposition to perceive something

54
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

Said knowledge comes from inborn organization tools

AP Psych (14 decks)

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