Cognition Flashcards
Information processing model
Sensory->short term->long term
Working memory
Short term memory
Iconic memory
Split-second perfect photo of scene
Echoic memory
(3-4sec) memory of sound
Selective attention
Encode what is important (cocktail party effect)
Short term memory storage
7 +- 2 items
Chunking
Grouping items (mnemonic devices
Episodic memory
Events stored sequentially (last time I went to movies)
Semantic memory
General knowledge, categories
Procedural memory
Skills
Explicit
Conscious memories we tried to remember
Implicit
Nondeclarative, unintentional, how to clean floor
Levels of processing model
Deep (elaboratively) and shallow (maintenance) processing
Recognition
Multiple choice test
Recall
Essay (retrieve with external cue)
Primacy effect
More likely to remember 1st part
Recency effect
Recall end
Serial positioning effect
Forget the middle part
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Temporary inability to remember something
Flashbulb memories
Context e.g. 9/11 remember where you were
Mood-congruent theory
Matching mood as the memory = greater recall
State-dependent theory
Different recall in states of consciousness (before sleep, have to write down)
Constructive memory
Constructed memory, false details
Relearning effect
Easier to relearn something
Retroactive interference
New info blocks old
Proactive interference
Old info blocks new
Anterograde amnesia
Can’t store new memories
Long-term potentiation
Repeat firings -> strengthen memory
Phenomes
Smallest unit of sound
Morphemes
Smallest unit of meaningful sound
Babbling stage
4 months, phenomes
One-word stage
Holophrastic, 1 year
Two-word stage
18 months, telegraphic
Overgeneralization/Overregulation
Excessively applying grammar rules
Nativist theory of language acquisition
Noam Chomsky-inborn ability to develop language
Critical period
Period where child has to be exposed to language to learn
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Language influence thinking, Benjamin Whorf
Prototypes
Typical example of concept
Algorithms
Try everything possible solution, guarantee answer
Heuristics
rule of thumb, not always true
Availability heuristic
Judge situation based on similar ones that come to mind
Representative heuristic
Judge situation on prototypes
Belief bias
Tend not to change belief
Belief perseverence
Not change belief even if contratdicted
Rigidity
Mental set, tend to fall in established patterns
Functional fixedness
Inability to see new use for ojbect
Confirmation bias
Look for evidence that supports beliefs
Framing
How problem is presented
Convergent thinking
Point to 1 solution
Divergent thinking
Multiple answers, associated with creativity
