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GRE Psyc > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

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2
Q

difference threshold

A

how different 2 stimuli (in magnitude) must be before they are perceived to be different

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3
Q

just noticeable difference (jnd)

A

the amount of change necessary to predict the difference between 2 stimuli

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4
Q

Weber’s Law

A

ration of absolute difference of 2 stimuli is important in producing a jnd

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5
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

expresses the relationship between the intensity of the sensation and the intensity of the stimulus

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6
Q

receptors

A

respond to physical stimuli

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7
Q

transduction

A

translates physical energy to neural impulses

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8
Q

projection areas

A

brain areas that further analyze sensory input

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9
Q

cornea

A

clear, domelike window in front of eye, gathers & focus incoming light

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10
Q

pupil

A

hole in the iris, contracts in bright light, expands in dim light

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11
Q

iris

A

colored part- controls size of pupil & amount of light entering eye

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12
Q

lens

A

lies right behind iris, helps control curvature of the light coming in and can focus new or distant objects on the retina

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13
Q

retina

A

in the back of the eye and is like a screen filled w/ neural elements and blood vessels –> image detecting part of the eye

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14
Q

cones

A
  • used for Color vision and for perceiving fine detail

- most effective in bright light, and allows us to see chromatic and achromatic colors

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15
Q

rods

A
  • in reduced illumination, function best and allow perception only of achromatic colors
  • have low sensitivity to detail and are not involved in color vision
  • many more rods than cones
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16
Q

rhodopsin

A

photo pigment

17
Q

illumination

A

a physical, objective measurement that is simply the amount of light falling on a surface

18
Q

brightness

A

the subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus

19
Q

color perception

A

related to the wavelength of the light entering the eye

20
Q

Young-Helmhotz (Trichromatic Theory)

A

suggests that the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors (cones), which are differentially sensitive to different colors

21
Q

Ewald Hering

A

primary colors arranged in opposing pairs

22
Q

depth perception

A

when one object (A) covers or overlaps w/ object (B), we see object (A) as being in front

23
Q

Perception of Form

A
  • perceptual objects exist only in our mind, and not in the retinal image
  • figure: integrated visual experience that stands out at the center of attention
  • ground: the background against which the figure appears
24
Q

Gestalt Laws of Organization- proximity

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

25
Q

Gestalt Laws of Organization-similarity

A

elements that are similar to one another tend to be grouped together

26
Q

Gestalt Laws of Organization-good continuation

A

elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together

27
Q

Gestalt Laws of Organization- closure

A

the tendency to see incomplete figures as being complete

28
Q

Gestalt Laws of Organization-pragnanz

A

perceptual organization will always be as “good” (I.e regular, simple, symmetrical, etc) as possibe

29
Q

bottom-up processing

A

(data driven) object perception that responds directly to the components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules

30
Q

top-down processing

A

(conceptually driven) object perception that is guided by conceptual processes such as memories & expectations

31
Q

Visual Constancies- size constancy

A

tendency for the perceived size of an object to remain constant despite variation in the size of its retinal image

32
Q

Visual Constancies- shape constancy

A

tendency for the perceived shape of an object to remain constant despite variation in the shape of its retinal image

33
Q

Visual Constancies-lightness constancy

A

tendency for the perceived lightness of an object to remain constant despite changes in illumination

34
Q

Visual Constancies- color constancy

A

tendency for the perceived color of an object to remain constant despite changes in the spectrum of light falling on it

35
Q

frequency

A

the # of cycles/second; measured in Hz

36
Q

intensity

A

the amplitude of the sound wave; measured in decibels

37
Q

pitch

A

the subjective experience of the frequency of the sound

38
Q

loudness

A

the subjective experience of the intensity of the sound

39
Q

timbre

A

refers to the quality of the sound

GRE Psyc (8 decks)

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