Developmental Flashcards
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
believed that society was not only unnecessary but also a detriment to optimal development —> humans are good by nature, but society corrupts them
Charles Darwin
evolution–> stresses the importance of studying the mind as it functioned to help the individual adapt to the environment
G. Stanley Hall
father of developmental, child,and adolescent psychology
John Watson
- belied in the importance of environmental influences
- accepted Locke’s view of tabula rasa (blank slate)
- believed he could make a child into anything, no matter their talents or where they came from
Arnold Gesell
believed that development occurred as a maturational (or biological) process, regardless of practice or training
Jean Piaget
saw children as more actively involved in their development- constructing knowledge of the world through their experiences
Genotype
genetic make up of an individual
Phenotype
individuals observable characteristics
Chromosomes
where genes are located (23 pairs, 46 total)
Down Syndrome
has extra 21st chromosome
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
degenerative disease of the nervous system –> enzyme needed to digest a phenylalanine is lacking
Klinefelters Syndrome
in males, extra X chromosome
Turners Syndrome
females w/ only 1 X chromosome
Stages of Prenatal Development
gametes- human sex cells
1) Zygote- when sperm and egg combine
2) Germinal period- lasts 2 weeks from time of conception
3) Embryonic stage- lasts about 8 weeks
4) Fetal period- takes place in 3rd month
Schema
organized patterns of behavior and/or thought
Assimilation
process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata
Accommodation
occurs when new info. doesn’t really fit into existing schemata; it is the process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to this new information
Stages of Cognitive Development
1) Sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)-primary & secondary circular reactions & object permanence
2) Preoperational (2-7yrs)- beginning of representational thought; centration; egocentrism; unable to understand/master conservation
3) Concrete Operational (7-11yrs)- cancan conserve & take the perspective of others into account; difficulty with abstract thought
4) Formal Operational (11+yrs) - can think logically about abstract ideas
Zone of Proximal Development
skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Child needs guidance to demonstrate those skills and abilities.
Phonology
the actual sound stem of language
Semantics
meaning of words
Syntax
how words are put together to form sentences
Pragmatics
actual efficient use of language
Language Acquisition
errors of growth/over-regularization- apply mastered general rules to everything
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
innate capacity for language; enables infants to listen to and process sounds; 2-puberty is critical period (case of Genie)
Stages of Psychosexual Development
1) oral (0-1)- libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency
2) anal (1-3)- toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness of or messiness
3) Phallic (3-5)- aka Oedipal stage; Oedipal/Electra conflict is resolved
4) Latency (5-puberty)- libido largely sublimated
5) Genital (puberty-adulthood)- if previous stages have been successful resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relations
Psychosocial Theory
development is a sequence of central life crises–> each crisis has a possible favorable and unfavorable outcome
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
1) trust vs. mistrust (1st year)
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt ( 1-3yrs)
3) initiative vs. guilt (3-6yrs)
4) industry vs. inferiority (6-12yrs)
5) identity vs. role confusing (during adolescence)
6) intimacy vs. isolation ( young adulthood)
7) generativity vs. stagnation ( middle age)
8) integrity vs. despair ( old age)
Temperament
individual differences as well as an individuals pattern of responding to the environment
Harry Harlow Rhesus Monkey Study
- monkeys preferred cloth mother that did not provide food
- “contact comfort” is more essential in bond formation than providing for physical needs
John Bowlby
separation anxiety- reacts to mothers absence w/ strong protest
Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation Procedure
- insecure/avoidant attachment (Type A)
- secure attachment (Type B)
- insecure/ resistant attachment (Type C)
Imprinting
rapid formation of an attachment bond between an organism and an object in the environment
Kohlberg’s 3 Phases of Moral Development
1) preconventional morality- right and wrong defined by punishment or reward of an action
2) conventional phase of morality- based on social rules
3) post conventional morality-
Authoritative parenting
high demand for child compliance, use positive reinforcement, emotionally warm
permissive parenting
easy going, low on control/demand measures
authoritarian parenting
controlling, lack emotional warmth
