Developmental

Question 1

Jean- Jacques Rousseau

Answer 1

believed that society was not only unnecessary but also a detriment to optimal development —> humans are good by nature, but society corrupts them

Question 2

Charles Darwin

Answer 2

evolution–> stresses the importance of studying the mind as it functioned to help the individual adapt to the environment

Question 3

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 3

father of developmental, child,and adolescent psychology

Question 4

John Watson

Answer 4

• belied in the importance of environmental influences
• accepted Locke’s view of tabula rasa (blank slate)
• believed he could make a child into anything, no matter their talents or where they came from

Question 5

Arnold Gesell

Answer 5

believed that development occurred as a maturational (or biological) process, regardless of practice or training

Question 6

Jean Piaget

Answer 6

saw children as more actively involved in their development- constructing knowledge of the world through their experiences

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

genetic make up of an individual

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

individuals observable characteristics

Question 9

Chromosomes

Answer 9

where genes are located (23 pairs, 46 total)

Question 10

Down Syndrome

Answer 10

has extra 21st chromosome

Question 11

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 11

degenerative disease of the nervous system –> enzyme needed to digest a phenylalanine is lacking

Question 12

Klinefelters Syndrome

Answer 12

in males, extra X chromosome

Question 13

Turners Syndrome

Answer 13

females w/ only 1 X chromosome

Question 14

Stages of Prenatal Development

Answer 14

gametes- human sex cells

1) Zygote- when sperm and egg combine
2) Germinal period- lasts 2 weeks from time of conception
3) Embryonic stage- lasts about 8 weeks
4) Fetal period- takes place in 3rd month

Question 15

Schema

Answer 15

organized patterns of behavior and/or thought

Question 16

Assimilation

Answer 16

process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata

Question 17

Accommodation

Answer 17

occurs when new info. doesn’t really fit into existing schemata; it is the process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to this new information

Question 18

Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 18

1) Sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)-primary & secondary circular reactions & object permanence
2) Preoperational (2-7yrs)- beginning of representational thought; centration; egocentrism; unable to understand/master conservation
3) Concrete Operational (7-11yrs)- cancan conserve & take the perspective of others into account; difficulty with abstract thought
4) Formal Operational (11+yrs) - can think logically about abstract ideas

Question 19

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 19

skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Child needs guidance to demonstrate those skills and abilities.

Question 20

Phonology

Answer 20

the actual sound stem of language

Question 21

Semantics

Answer 21

meaning of words

Question 22

Syntax

Answer 22

how words are put together to form sentences

Question 23

Pragmatics

Answer 23

actual efficient use of language

Question 24

Language Acquisition

Answer 24

errors of growth/over-regularization- apply mastered general rules to everything

Question 25

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Answer 25

innate capacity for language; enables infants to listen to and process sounds; 2-puberty is critical period (case of Genie)

Question 26

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Answer 26

1) oral (0-1)- libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency
2) anal (1-3)- toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness of or messiness
3) Phallic (3-5)- aka Oedipal stage; Oedipal/Electra conflict is resolved
4) Latency (5-puberty)- libido largely sublimated
5) Genital (puberty-adulthood)- if previous stages have been successful resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relations

Question 27

Psychosocial Theory

Answer 27

development is a sequence of central life crises–> each crisis has a possible favorable and unfavorable outcome

Question 28

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Answer 28

1) trust vs. mistrust (1st year)
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt ( 1-3yrs)
3) initiative vs. guilt (3-6yrs)
4) industry vs. inferiority (6-12yrs)
5) identity vs. role confusing (during adolescence)
6) intimacy vs. isolation ( young adulthood)
7) generativity vs. stagnation ( middle age)
8) integrity vs. despair ( old age)

Question 29

Temperament

Answer 29

individual differences as well as an individuals pattern of responding to the environment

Question 30

Harry Harlow Rhesus Monkey Study

Answer 30

• monkeys preferred cloth mother that did not provide food

- “contact comfort” is more essential in bond formation than providing for physical needs

Question 31

John Bowlby

Answer 31

separation anxiety- reacts to mothers absence w/ strong protest

Question 32

Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation Procedure

Answer 32

• insecure/avoidant attachment (Type A)
• secure attachment (Type B)
• insecure/ resistant attachment (Type C)

Question 33

Imprinting

Answer 33

rapid formation of an attachment bond between an organism and an object in the environment

Question 34

Kohlberg’s 3 Phases of Moral Development

Answer 34

1) preconventional morality- right and wrong defined by punishment or reward of an action
2) conventional phase of morality- based on social rules
3) post conventional morality-

Question 35

Authoritative parenting

Answer 35

high demand for child compliance, use positive reinforcement, emotionally warm

Question 36

permissive parenting

Answer 36

easy going, low on control/demand measures

Question 37

authoritarian parenting

Answer 37

controlling, lack emotional warmth