Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology > sensation and perception recap > Flashcards

sensation and perception recap Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

vision: stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

electromagnetic energy, photoreceptors, eye, primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hearing: stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

air pressure waves, mechanoreceptors, ear, auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

touch: stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

tissue distortion, mechano/thermoreceptors, skin/muscle, somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

balance: stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

gravity/acceleration, mechano, vestibular organs, temporal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

taste/smell:stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

chemical composition, chemo, nose/mouth, primary taste cortex/olfactory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

perception map

A

stimulus in enviro—> light reflected and focused—> receptor processes (transduction, transmutation/processing)—-> neutral processing—> perception<_---> recognition<---> action</_--->

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

perception and recognition

A

I see something and its an oak tree!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

transduction is when…

A

individual sense organs transduce energy from env event –> neural activity (nerve impulses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does transduction occur?

A

because sense organs have specialised receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

transduction simplified

A

environmental energy–> receptors–> nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transmission

A

carries signal from receptors to brain and around brain, 1 neuron activates next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

processing

A

electrical energy processed through network of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bottom- up processing

A

data based- based on incoming stimuli from environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

top-down processing

A

knowledge based- based on existing info/previous knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 approaches to study of perception:
1) PP, PSYCHOPHYSICAL APP
2) PH 1, PHYSIOLOGICAL APP
3) PH2, PHYSIOLOGICAL APP

A

1- stimulus-> perception
2- stimulus-> physiology
3- physiology-> perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

neuroanatomy

A

structure and connectivity of nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neurophysiology

A

how neurons work and communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

peripheral NS
2 parts:

A

somatic= controls voluntary muscles (biceps) and transports sensory info to CNS

autonomic= controls involuntary muscles (heart/ digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

within autonomic NS (involuntary)
2 systems

A

sympathetic NS- speeds up
parasympathetic NS- slows down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

recap of NS

A

NS:
1- CNS—-> brain and spine
2- PNS –>
- somatic
- autonomic has…
(sympathetic and parasympathetic NS) for involuntary processes like digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the cerebral cortex divides into 4 brain lobes located…

A

frontal (top left)
parietal ( top right
temporal (bottom left)
occipital (bottom right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where each cortex is in the brain lobes

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cerebrum divided into 2 hemispheres

A

left H- controls right part of our body

right H- controls left part of our body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

frontal lobe

A

personality, speech, problem solving and movements ( primary motor association cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

temporal lobe

A

sound and memory ( auditory association cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch, temp and pain ( somatosensory association cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision ( visual association cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

quick recap
lobe and cortex
- frontal
- temporal
-parietal
- occipital

A

f- motor
t- auditory
p- somatosensory
o- visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, coordination and motor movement

30
Q

brain stem functions

A

breathing, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, heartbeat

31
Q

in middle of brain the pituitary gland produces

A

hormones that control growth, and production of sperm and eggs
2 lobes
anterior - growth, reproduction, testosterone prod, thyroid (metabolism)
and posterior- oxytocin (childbirth and lactation) and vasopressin (urine)

hypothalamus controls release of these hormones

32
Q

in the middle of the brain the pineal gland produces…

A

hormone melatonin (sleep)

33
Q

CNS Dif parts of the brain

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

A

forebrain: voluntary
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. cerebral cortex (4 lobes)
4. limbic system
5. corpus callosum

midbrain: involuntary
hindbrain: involuntary
1. cerebellum
2. pons
3. medulla

34
Q

the ‘c’s’

cerebral cortex
cerebellum
cerebrum

A

the cerebral cortex is the OUTER LAYER of the cerebrum big part of the brain with all four lobes the CC is the majority of the forebrain

the cerebellum is part of the Hind brain, the lump at the bottom in control of motor mov, balance…

the cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres the outer layer called the cerebral cortex (gray matter- 4 lobes) and the inner layer (white matter).

the white matter contains many nerves (axons) that exchanges info and communicates info to Dif parts of the brain
- its called white matter because the axons are covered in myelin shieths ( to speed up conduction) which are white

35
Q

functions of the forebrain

thalamus

hypothalamus

cerebral cortex

limbic system

corpus callosum

A

thalamus - in each cerebral hemisphere ( left and right side of brain) is the RELAY CENTRE…. as info comes up spine goes to thalamus first and then onto the cortex ( 4 lobes) has lots of Dif specialised nuclei for Dif sensory info.

hypothalamus- left and below of thalamus (pituitary gland is attached to left and below of hypo (v small))- HOMEOSTASIS AND HORMONES and CONTROLS AUTONOMIC NS ( symp and para) , manipulates hormone release by controlling pituitary gland “master gland”

cerebral cortex- outer layer of cerebrum which has the 4 lobes

limbic system- has amygdala ( emotions) and hippocampus ( LTM)

corpus callosum- allows info to transmit from one side of the brain to the other

36
Q

function of the hind brain:

cerebellum

pons

medulla

A

cerebellum- control coordination and balance

pons - part of brain stem, links brain to spine, unconscious processes like sleep breathing etc.

medulla oblongata- bellow pons in brain stem, cardiovascular and respiratory systems

37
Q

nerves and job

olfactory
optic
oculomotor

A

smell
vision
eye mov

38
Q

what determines how much of the cortex is devoted to a function?

A

the complexity the task

39
Q

neuron

soma
dendrite
axon
terminal button
synapse
myelin shieth
glial cell
node of ranvier

A

celll body
receives info from other neurons
carries info from soma to terminal buttons
forms synapses and sends info to next neuron
junction - synaptic transmittion
insulating - forms white matter
a cell that makes myelin sheaths
naked portion of axon, speeds up conduction , located between glial cells

40
Q

damage to myelin sheaths can cause problems like…

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

41
Q

neurons are surrounded by solution of ions…

sodium
chloride
potassium

A

positive
neg
positive

42
Q

action potential

  1. D
  2. AP
  3. R
  4. H
A

depolarisation- na channels open, na enters and locally depolarises axon, which further depolarises the adjacent (next to) region to open more na channel, K also enters - MAKING MORE POSITIVE

3- na close and k remain open for a bit, k then shut
4- refractory period state of recovery t keep unidirectional flow

43
Q

synaptic transmission

A

NT released by vesicles in preS N
received by postS memb on receptor sights
lock and key
change in voltage - AP

44
Q

2 types of NT

excitatory
inhibitory

A

e= cause depolarisation
neuron becomes more positive
increase likelihood of AP

-= cause hyperpolarisation
neuron becomes more negative
lower chance of AP

45
Q

visible light is a specific band of energy within….

measured in …

A

the electromagnetic spectrum

wavelength ( the Dif between the peaks of the waves ) nm

46
Q

dopamine function

malfunction

A

mov, motiv, emotional pleasure and arousal

high levels = scitzophrenia
low levels= Parkinson’s/ tremors

47
Q

glutamate function and enzyme

malfunction

A

major excitatory NT- learning and memory
glutamate dehydrogenase

oversupply= migraines or seizures

48
Q

gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) function and enzyme

malfunction

A

primary inhibitor neurotransmitter
GABA transaminase

undersupply= anxiety tremors

49
Q

noradrenaline function and enzyme

malfunction

A

mood and arousal
monoamine oxidase

undersupply= depression

50
Q

serotonin function and enzyme

malfunction

A

hunger sleep arousal/agression
monoamine oxidase

undersupply= depression

51
Q

endorphins function and enzyme

malfunction

A

emotions

lack of= lower pay threshold

52
Q

ST- occurs as long as NT is in synapse

3 ways to stop synaptic transmutation

A

reuptake
pre-synaptic auto-receptor ( vesicle stops releasing NT)
enzymatic degration - NT broken down by enzymes

53
Q

agonistic drugs increase the …

and block…

morphine, heroin basically and painkillers

A

synthesis of NT
release of NT
block inhibitory effect on presynaptic receptors ( so they stay in synapse)
block reuptake of NT ( so stay in synapse)
activate the post synaptic receptor

54
Q

antagonistic drugs block…..

and….

A

synthesis of NT
release of NT

destroy NT in synapse
block NT binding to post synaptic membrane

55
Q

short wavelength =
long wavelength =

visible to humans range =

A

gamma rays
radio waves

400-700nm

56
Q

how is an image formed, what work together??

A

the lens and the cornea are optical components, together they form an inverted image on the retina (back of eye)

cornea = 80%
lens= 20%

57
Q

def of eye parts:

cornea=
scelera=
iris=
lens=

A

transparent tissue at front of eye
tough white tissue that coats the rest of the eye
muscle that controls the size of the pupil and so amount of light that enters the eye

bends incoming light

58
Q

accommodation occurs when we adjust eyesight to see things in Dif distances… by..

A

the ciliary muscles tighten causing the lens to thicken and bend light more, to focus on nearby objects

59
Q

optical problems:does… caused by.. corrected by

myopia or nearsightedness, refractive vs axial
hyperopia or farsightedness

A

m- can’t see things far away, refractive= cornea or less bend too much light, axial= eyeball is too long

h- can’t see close things clearly, eyeball too short

60
Q

the near point is the distance where…

presbyopia (old age)…

A

the lens can no longer adjust for close objects

distance increases with age due to hardening of lens and weakening of ciliary muscles.

61
Q

photoreceptors in the eye =

outer layer of them contains ….
visual transduction occurs when…
retinal changes chape in a process called…

A

rods and cones

rhodopsin - opsin (protein) and retinal (light sensitive mol)
the retinal absorbs light
isomerization

62
Q

blind spot is the place where…

A

the optic nerve leaves the eye , the brain fills in the spot

63
Q

fovea is the part of the retina which provides our

it has the most…
peripheral retina=
periphery=

A

highest acuity vision
cones
rods and cones
rods>cones

64
Q

rods allow us to see in …..
cones allow us to see in …

A

in light but no colour
colour under normal light conditions

65
Q

rods to ganglion cell
cones to ganglion cell
ratio

A

more rods, less cones so cones give more resolution so can see in dark

66
Q

rods are more sensitive to light so…

A

they take less light to respond which is why they can see in dim light

67
Q

when visible light falls on an object it is either …… (solid objects) or ….. (transparent objects)

A

reflected…. transmitted

68
Q

wavelengths
short
medium
long
long and medium
long medium and short

A

blue
green
red
yellow
white

69
Q

rod photo pigment absorbs best at ….
cone pigments absorb best at ….. short, ….. middle, … long known as the…

A

500nm
419 ( blue), 532 (green), 558 (red) —- trichchromatic theory of colour vision - sermon von Helmholtz

70
Q

the opponent-process theory of colour vision by….

A

ewald hering

71
Q
A

psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions