developmental psychology

Question 1

Normative age-graded influences
on development eg.

Answer 1

. puberty, starting school

Question 2

d,e,o

aims of developmental psych….

Answer 2

describle, explain and optimise development.

Question 3

when does human development begin?

Answer 3

at contreception

Question 4

a ….. period is considered a time in dev when a certain experience must occur for the organism to develop

Answer 4

critical

Question 5

attatchment theory

bowlby used the term ‘secure base’ to refer to…

Answer 5

the presence of an attatchment figure

Question 6

the term senescence describes…

Answer 6

biological ageing

Question 7

baltes model of development…
1
2
3

Answer 7

normative age- graded influences
normative history-graded influences
non-normative life events

Question 8

Normative history-graded influences
on development eg.

Answer 8

covid, WWII, natural disaster

Question 9

Non-normative life events on development eg.

Answer 9

personal….death of parent, serious injury

Question 10

baltes model … 1,2,3

How do we test for these influences on development?

Answer 10

Age

Cohort

Time of testing

Question 11

Cross-sectional studies
…participants
…ages
…historical time
positives
negatives

Answer 11

Different participants, different ages, same time

Cost effective

Quick

Confounds?
Ex: Individual differences? (dif many not be due to development but individual experiences eg. trauma) Cohort effects?
Ex: 30-, 60-, 90-year-olds?

Question 12

Longitudinal design
…participants
…ages
…historical time
positives
negatives

Answer 12

Same participants, different ages, different times

High attrition rate (ppl drop out)

Time-consuming

Original research question still viable at study completion?

Confounds?
Ex: Biased sample?

Question 13

Cohort Studies
…participants
…ages
…historical time
positives
negatives

Answer 13

Different participants, same ages, different historical time
ex: look at 8 year olds but all from dif generations, so every 10 years test a 8 year old

Time consuming

Danger of research question becoming obsolete

Confounds?
age of child?

Question 14

Cohort Sequential Design
…participants
…ages
…historical time
positives
negatives

Answer 14

mix of longitudional and cross sectional…
unlikley…
Different AND same participants, different AND same ages, different AND same historical time
Ex: effect of preschool programmes on children born in 1990, 2000, 2010, follow them from 3-12 years of age.

High attrition rate

Time consuming

Question may become obsolete

Question 15

twin studies
Monozygotic twins

Dizygotic or Fraternal
dif between 2 being treated…
tend to be adopted…

Answer 15

(~100% identical)
(50% identical)
identical twins treated more similary compared to non-identical
tend to be adopted into similar environments

Question 16

adoption studies
what it does
drawbacks
cross-fostering expermint is when..

Answer 16

Rearing environment from adoptive parents

Genetic inheritance from biological parents

Whom do they resemble most?

Drawbacks?
- seperate twins to dif families for research of nature/nurture
- Cross-fostering experiments ( cant do with children.. obvs so do with rats and mice..)

Question 17

dif between cross-fostering experiment and adoptive studies

Answer 17

same aim but cross is unethican and very controlled wheras adoptive the experimenter has no control of where they go they just observe (problem is they tend to go to a similar fam)

Question 18

Evolutionary Psychology
looks at…
but we to look at chimps not humans becausee…

Answer 18

whether human ancestry tell us about ourselves now?
they dont have cultural ‘standards’. certain expectations effects human behaviour, social roles.
hard to control cultural diferences

Question 19

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Question 20

Cross-cultural influences
example= Motor milestones

Answer 20

cultural practices impact development defo

Question 21

How does culture affect developmental views
issues with psych studies…

Answer 21

USA is most studies so cant be universal
W.E.I.R.D science
all psych is westernised
we dont test all cultures
not universal

Question 22

weird acranim…

Answer 22

western, english speaking, industralised, rich, democratic

Question 23

Sensation is when info about …. picked up by …. and transmitted to …

lecture 2

Answer 23

environment… sensory receptors… brain

Question 24

Perception is interpretation by the … of this input
How we … the events, objects and people in our environment

Answer 24

brain…understand

Question 25

Visual perception development

Visual acuity (sharpness of vision) is …. at birth, rapid increase in first …
Near adult levels by …

Answer 25

poor… 6 months… 1 year

Question 26

Visual scanning (looking around for info)
Younger than …, cannot track moving objects smoothly

… month: focus on limited features of shape, particularly outside edges

… months: start to focus on internal features

Answer 26

2 months… 1 … 2

Question 27

colour vision
…. can distinguish between white and red, but not other colours (ex: Adams et al. 1994)

Around … month, look longer at brighter, bold colours

By … months close to adult ability

Answer 27

newborns.. 1 .. 4

Question 28

How do we test perceptual abilities? (aka senses)

Answer 28

Preference tests

Habituation tests

Conditioning

Question 29

preference tests is when you …

Answer 29

.Present two stimuli at same time

Measure how long infant looks at each

Does infant look at one more than the other?
Infant can discriminate between stimuli

Question 30

in Habituation Tests ppl are

Answer 30

Shown interesting stimulus repeatedly
Infant loses interest eventually (habituation)

Change to a different stimulus
Infant shows renewed interest and looks again (dishabituation)

If so, the infant can tell the difference

Question 31

Conditioning is when you … for eg…

Answer 31

Repeatedly reward target behaviour
Ex: increase sucking rate, get specific stimuli

Infant becomes habituated to stimulus

Stimulus is altered (ex. HAS procedure)
If infant does not increase sucking rate treats 2 stimuli as the same
Does increase sucking rate  distinguishes between 2 stimuli

Question 32

face perception
infants are born with …
1. innate…
2. recognition for…
3. sensitivity to…
4. imitation…

Answer 32

Innate Attraction
Recognition of Face Patterns
Sensitivity to Emotions
Imitation and Social Interaction

Question 33

Most individuals reach peak face perception abilities in ….

Answer 33

early adulthood

Question 34

What can you tell from a face?

Answer 34

Species
Sex
Race
Identity
Mood, Emotional state
Intent, truthfulness

Question 35

Theoretical Approaches
Nativism:
Empiricism:

Answer 35

abilities from birth – innate, inborn (faces organized at birth
)
acquire overtime through experience – learned (Perceive faces as they perceive other objects
becomes specialized after experience)

Question 36

Fantz (1961):

1-15 wk old

Innate Face Preference? children prefer…. over … faces

Answer 36

complex… simple

Question 37

innate face preferences?
Maurer and Barrera (1981): add controls for complexity
…month: no difference in looking times
…months: looked longer at “natural face”

Answer 37

1…2

Question 38

innate face preferences?
Goren et al (1975)
Used moving stimuli instead of static
Newborns tracked … face more than other two

Answer 38

schematic (normal)

Question 39

Early face preference?
Johnson et al (1991)
Replicated effect with newborns
By …. months, no longer track any face more
Why does this face preference vanish?….

Answer 39

3
… cognitive development, exposure, and the maturation of perceptual abilities.

Question 40

Johnson and Morton (1991) 2 process model: shows…

infants develop their ability to perceive faces over time through two distinct systems: …. and …..

early system= …. which help newborns quickly and efficiently detect and respond to face-like stimuli in their environment. which is needed for social interaxctions such as….
brain regions….
later system= …. which relies on the ….. for more precise recognition of faces. develops as infants gain ….
brain regions…

Answer 40

CONSPEC and CONLEARN.
conspec

bonding with caegivers (attatchment theory)
amygdala and the brainstem

conlearn

visual cortex
…experience and exposure to their social environment.
fusiform gyrus

Question 41

What else can newborns do?
Recognize …. (Turati et al., 2008)

Recognize ….. (Farroni et al., 2002)
Look more at direct than averted gaze

Recognize …. (Field et al., 1982)
Infants dishabituated when expression changed

Answer 41

identity of novel individuals
eye-gaze
expressions

Question 42

what else can infants do?
Prefer …. (Slater et al. 2000)
Newborns < 1week old looked longer at…

Discriminate …. (Bushnell, 2001; Pascalis et al, 1995)
Ex: Walton et al (1992)
Sucked more to keep ….’s face on video
1-4 days old!

Answer 42

attractive faces
mothers face

Question 43

How are they doing it?
Pascalis et al. (1995)
Preference for mother’s face disappeared when ….
Newborns use …. to identify

Turati et al. (2006)
Could use both outer and inner features

Answer 43

outside of face and hairline masked
outer features

Question 44

as we get older there is a narrowing of the ……
face-perception skills become more …

Answer 44

perceptual window
specialized

Question 45

Pascalis et al (2002)

….m infants could discriminate between monkey faces and human faces
…. m infants and adults could only discriminate between human faces
** If exposed to monkey faces, ….ms could discriminate (Pascalis et al 2005)

Answer 45

6 months
9 months
9

Question 46

Sugita (2008)

Monkeys not exposed to faces
Before exposure: able to process ….
After exposure: only retained the ability to discriminate between the….

Answer 46

both monkey and human faces
face types they’d been exposed to

Question 47

“Other-race” effect is that adults are…
and proof is that 3 month olds…

Answer 47

..worse at discriminating faces of other races compared to own race (Tanaka et al., 2004)
3m old, but not newborns, prefer own race faces (Kelly et al 2005)

Question 48

Sangrigoli et al (2005):

Korean adults adopted between 3-9y into Caucasian families were better at …
eg of the …

Answer 48

recognising caucasian faces.
effect of the environment and the other race effect

Question 49

Quinn et al. 2002/8)

3 month olds prefer faces of the gender that was their…

Answer 49

primary care giver

Question 50

Wismer Fries & Pollak, 2004

Institutionalized children (care homes etc…) showed defecits in…

Answer 50

in identifying emotions in faces

Question 51

(Pollak et al. 2000)

Children raised in abusive environment show bias for …

Answer 51

angry faces

Question 52

adults can recognize faces as familiar within….

Answer 52

0.5s

Question 53

Retain info of large number of faces for example
….% recognition of yearbook photos
Class size of up to 900, up to 35 years later

Answer 53

90%

Question 54

So if adults are experts at face perception, when does this expertise fully emerge?

Answer 54

Some research suggests not until 30+ years for face learning/recognition

Question 55

Late maturation vs. Early maturation

Two key theories:
Face specific perceptual development theory:
General cognitive development theory:

Answer 55

Ongoing development of face-specific perception mechanisms; continue to develop into late child and adolescence
Face perception gets better because of increased exposure/experience with faces

face perception matures early (4-5 yrs?)
performance increases later as general **cognitive mechanisms improve
**

Question 56

Disproportionate inversion effect is when the ability to recognize …
which highlights…

Answer 56

faces is disproportionately impaired when the faces are presented upside-down (inverted) compared to non-face objects

highlights the specialized nature of face processing in the brain, as the inversion of faces disrupts recognition more significantly than it does for other types of stimuli, like houses, animals, or objects.

Question 57

Holistic/configural processing is how the brain processes…

Answer 57

… faces by focusing on the entire structure (H) and relationships between facial features (C) rather than processing individual features in isolation
Code spacing between face and features

Question 58

Susilo et al. (2013)

Tested over 2,000 18-33 year olds
Controlled for non-face visual recognition, sex & own-race bias
and showed….
Conclude results support
….

Answer 58

Positive association between age and facial recognition abilities

“late maturation hypothesis”

Question 59

Neurodivergent face perception

indiv with autism spectrum disorder find it hard to…

Answer 59

Recognizing familiar people
Remembering faces
Interpreting eye-gaze and emotions

Question 60

ppl with William’s Syndrome find it dificult to…

Answer 60

Process unfamiliar faces atypically
Prolonged face gaze (Riby et al. 2008)

Question 61

Prosopagnosia (face blindness)
Damage or abnormalities in ….

Congenital prosopagnosia – from …

Answer 61

right fusiform gyrus (stroke, brain injury)
birth, appears to run in families