sensation and perception Flashcards
exteroceptors are sensory receptors that detect?
stimuli from outside world
interoceptors are sensory receptors that detect?
respond to internal stimuli
mechanoreceptors respond to?
mechanical disturbances
types of mechanoreceptors are?
pacinian corpuscles: pressure sensors deep in skin
auditory hair cells: cochlea of inner ear for vibrations of sound ways
vestibular hair cells: inner ear that detect acceleration and position to gravity
chemoreceptors respond to?
particular chemicals
types of chemoreceptors?
olfactory receptor: detect airborne chemical for smell
gustatory receptor: autonomic on walls of carotid and aortic arteries and respond to changes in pH, PO2, PCO2
nociceptors respond to?
pain receptors
thermoreceptors respond to?
changes in temperature: cold sensitive, warm sensitive, and painfully hot (thermal nociceptors)
electromagnetic receptors respond to?
electromagnetic waves
types of electromagnetic receptors?
photoreceptors: rods and cone of the retina
four types of encoding sensory stimuli?
modality, location, intensity, and duration
adaption in form of sensory is?
decreased firing frequency when the intensity of the stimuli remains constant
proprioceptors are?
awareness of self and body position (kinesthetic sense)
types of proprioceptors are?
muscle spindle: detect muscle stretch (mechanoreceptor)
golgi tendon organs: mintor tension in tendons
joint capsule receptors: detect pressure, tension, and movement in joints
gustation is?
taste
olfaction is?
smell
taste buds detect what five flavors?
sweet (glucose), salty (Na+), bitter (basic), sour (acidic), and umani (amino acids and nucleotides)
summary of hearing mechanism?
sound waves - auricle - external auditory canal - tympanic membrane - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - perilymph - endolymph - basilar membrane - auditory hair cells - tectorial membrane - neurotransmitters stimulate bipolar auditory neurons - brain - perception
what vestibular structures help detect rotational acceleration of the head?
semicircular canals, urticle, saccule, and ampullae
they are all filled with endolymph and contain hair cells that detect motion
the cornea allows?
light to enter the eye
it is the clear portion in front of the eye
how is light altered?
it is bent/refracted as it passes through the cornea`
the white portion of the eye is?
sclera
beneath the sclera is the?
choroid which contains dark pigmented cells to absorb excess light in the eye
beneath the choroid is the?
retina which is the surface where light is focused
inside the cornea is what? and what does it contain?
anterior chamber and contains the aqueous humor
at the back of the anterior chamber is the? and what does it do?
the iris, which is the colored portion of the eye
it regulates the diameter of the pupil
what is behind the iris?
anterior chamber also containing aqueous humor
what is located at the back part of the eye and what does it do?
the lens which tune the angle of incoming light so that the beams can be focused upon the retina
what muscle varies the curvature of the lens thus the refractive power?
ciliary muscle
en route from the lens to the retina, the light passes through?
the vitreous chamber which contain vitreous humor
the rods and cones of the retina synapse with what nerve cells?
bipolar cells
the bipolar cells of the eye synapse with what other cells?
ganglion cells whose axons comprise the optic nerve that travels to the occipital lobe
the point on the retina where many axon from ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve is the?
optic disk aka blind spot where no photoreceptors are
the retina contains the macula, at the center of the macula is what? and what does it do?
the fovea centralis is at the center and it contains only cones which are responsible for extreme visual acuity
normal vision is termed?
emmetropia
myopia is? how is it corrected?
nearsightedness
with concave lens (diverging)
hyperopia is? how it corrected?
farsightedness
with convex lens (converging)
presbyopia is?
inability to focus
occurs with aging
signal detection theory is?
predicts how and when someone will detect the presence of given sensory stimulus (“signal”) amidst all of the other sensory stimuli in the background (“noise”)
the four possible outcomes of signal detection theory are?
hit: signal was present and detected
miss: signal was present but not detected
false alarm: signal was not present but was detected
correct rejection: signal was not present and not detected
bottom up processing is?
gestalt psychology
begins with sensory receptors and works up to the complex integration of information occurring in the brain
top down processing is?
gestalt psychology
occurs when brain applies experience and expectations to interpret sensory information
