sensation and perception

Question 1

exteroceptors are sensory receptors that detect?

Answer 1

stimuli from outside world

Question 2

interoceptors are sensory receptors that detect?

Answer 2

respond to internal stimuli

Question 3

mechanoreceptors respond to?

Answer 3

mechanical disturbances

Question 4

types of mechanoreceptors are?

Answer 4

pacinian corpuscles: pressure sensors deep in skin
auditory hair cells: cochlea of inner ear for vibrations of sound ways
vestibular hair cells: inner ear that detect acceleration and position to gravity

Question 5

chemoreceptors respond to?

Answer 5

particular chemicals

Question 6

types of chemoreceptors?

Answer 6

olfactory receptor: detect airborne chemical for smell

gustatory receptor: autonomic on walls of carotid and aortic arteries and respond to changes in pH, PO2, PCO2

Question 7

nociceptors respond to?

Answer 7

pain receptors

Question 8

thermoreceptors respond to?

Answer 8

changes in temperature: cold sensitive, warm sensitive, and painfully hot (thermal nociceptors)

Question 9

electromagnetic receptors respond to?

Answer 9

electromagnetic waves

Question 10

types of electromagnetic receptors?

Answer 10

photoreceptors: rods and cone of the retina

Question 11

four types of encoding sensory stimuli?

Answer 11

modality, location, intensity, and duration

Question 12

adaption in form of sensory is?

Answer 12

decreased firing frequency when the intensity of the stimuli remains constant

Question 13

proprioceptors are?

Answer 13

awareness of self and body position (kinesthetic sense)

Question 14

types of proprioceptors are?

Answer 14

muscle spindle: detect muscle stretch (mechanoreceptor)
golgi tendon organs: mintor tension in tendons
joint capsule receptors: detect pressure, tension, and movement in joints

Question 15

gustation is?

Answer 15

taste

Question 16

olfaction is?

Answer 16

smell

Question 17

taste buds detect what five flavors?

Answer 17

sweet (glucose), salty (Na+), bitter (basic), sour (acidic), and umani (amino acids and nucleotides)

Question 18

summary of hearing mechanism?

Answer 18

sound waves - auricle - external auditory canal - tympanic membrane - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - perilymph - endolymph - basilar membrane - auditory hair cells - tectorial membrane - neurotransmitters stimulate bipolar auditory neurons - brain - perception

Question 19

what vestibular structures help detect rotational acceleration of the head?

Answer 19

semicircular canals, urticle, saccule, and ampullae

they are all filled with endolymph and contain hair cells that detect motion

Question 20

the cornea allows?

Answer 20

light to enter the eye

it is the clear portion in front of the eye

Question 21

how is light altered?

Answer 21

it is bent/refracted as it passes through the cornea`

Question 22

the white portion of the eye is?

Answer 22

sclera

Question 23

beneath the sclera is the?

Answer 23

choroid which contains dark pigmented cells to absorb excess light in the eye

Question 24

beneath the choroid is the?

Answer 24

retina which is the surface where light is focused

Question 25

inside the cornea is what? and what does it contain?

Answer 25

anterior chamber and contains the aqueous humor

Question 26

at the back of the anterior chamber is the? and what does it do?

Answer 26

the iris, which is the colored portion of the eye | it regulates the diameter of the pupil

Question 27

what is behind the iris?

Answer 27

anterior chamber also containing aqueous humor

Question 28

what is located at the back part of the eye and what does it do?

Answer 28

the lens which tune the angle of incoming light so that the beams can be focused upon the retina

Question 29

what muscle varies the curvature of the lens thus the refractive power?

Answer 29

ciliary muscle

Question 30

en route from the lens to the retina, the light passes through?

Answer 30

the vitreous chamber which contain vitreous humor

Question 31

the rods and cones of the retina synapse with what nerve cells?

Answer 31

bipolar cells

Question 32

the bipolar cells of the eye synapse with what other cells?

Answer 32

ganglion cells whose axons comprise the optic nerve that travels to the occipital lobe

Question 33

the point on the retina where many axon from ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve is the?

Answer 33

optic disk aka blind spot where no photoreceptors are

Question 34

the retina contains the macula, at the center of the macula is what? and what does it do?

Answer 34

the fovea centralis is at the center and it contains only cones which are responsible for extreme visual acuity

Question 35

normal vision is termed?

Answer 35

emmetropia

Question 36

myopia is? how is it corrected?

Answer 36

nearsightedness | with concave lens (diverging)

Question 37

hyperopia is? how it corrected?

Answer 37

farsightedness | with convex lens (converging)

Question 38

presbyopia is?

Answer 38

inability to focus | occurs with aging

Question 39

signal detection theory is?

Answer 39

predicts how and when someone will detect the presence of given sensory stimulus ("signal") amidst all of the other sensory stimuli in the background ("noise")

Question 40

the four possible outcomes of signal detection theory are?

Answer 40

hit: signal was present and detected miss: signal was present but not detected false alarm: signal was not present but was detected correct rejection: signal was not present and not detected

Question 41

bottom up processing is?

Answer 41

gestalt psychology | begins with sensory receptors and works up to the complex integration of information occurring in the brain

Question 42

top down processing is?

Answer 42

gestalt psychology | occurs when brain applies experience and expectations to interpret sensory information