anatomy and physiology of circulatory system (heart and blood)

Question 1

arteries carry blood?

Answer 1

away from the heart at high pressure

Question 2

veins carry blood?

Answer 2

towards the heart at low pressure

Question 3

arteries branch into?

Answer 3

arterioles

Question 4

arterioles pass into?

Answer 4

capillaries which are only wide enough for a single blood cell to pass at a time

Question 5

after blood passes through capillaries, it passes through?

Answer 5

venules

Question 6

venules pass back into?

Answer 6

veins

Question 7

all exchange of materials in the blood happen where?

Answer 7

capillaries

Question 8

the walls of blood vessels are what type of cell?

Answer 8

endothelial cells

Question 9

vasodilation/vasoconstriction is when?

Answer 9

secretion of substances (like nitric acid) and endothelium regulate vessel diameter to maintain blood pressure, tissue oxygenation, and thermoregulation

Question 10

inflammation is when?

Answer 10

release of inflammatory chemicals from injured tissues stimulate endothelial cells to increase their expression of adhesion molecules which allow WBC to adhere to the endothelial cell to enter injured tissue

Question 11

angiogenesis is?

Answer 11

then formation of new blood vessels
ex: many tumors secrete angiogenic growth factors to increase blood supply thus angiogenesis inhibitors are drugs used to restrict blood flow to tumors

Question 12

thrombosis is?

Answer 12

blood clotting

*undamaged endothelial cells secrete substances to inhibit coagulation to prevent life-threatening clots

Question 13

pulmonary circulation is defined as?

Answer 13

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Question 14

systematic circulation is defined as?

Answer 14

flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again

Question 15

one exception to circulation system is the hepatic portal system, which is when?

Answer 15

blood passes first through capillaries in the intestine, the collects in veins to travel to the liver where the vessels branch and blood passes again through capillaries
*important for nutrients directly from intestine to liver

Question 16

second exception to circulation system is the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system, which is when?

Answer 16

blood passes through capillaries in the hypothalamus to the portal veins, then to capillaries in the pituitary
*important for hormones from hypothalamus directly to pituitary

Question 17

atrioventricular valves are located?

Answer 17

between each atrium and ventricle

Question 18

the AV valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the?

Answer 18

bicuspid/mitral valve

Question 19

the AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the?

Answer 19

tricuspid valve

Question 20

the semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery is?

Answer 20

pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 21

the semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta is?

Answer 21

aortic semilunar valve

Question 22

what happens during diastole?

Answer 22

ventricles are relaxed and atria contract

blood is able to flow into ventricles from the atria

Question 23

what happens during systole?

Answer 23

ventricles contract and atria relaxed
blood is pushed out of ventricles towards pulmonary artery or aorta
*lub dup sound

Question 24

heart rate/pulse is the?

Answer 24

number of times the “lub-dup” cardiac cycle is repeated per minute

Question 25

stroke volume is?

Answer 25

the amount of blood pumped with each systole

Question 26

cardiac output is?

Answer 26

the total amount of blood pumped per minute

Question 27

the heart is what type of muscle?

Answer 27

cardiac muscle (involuntary)

Question 28

the cardiac muscle is functional syncytium, meaning?

Answer 28

that the tissues' cytoplasms communicate via gap junctions

Question 29

gap junctions of the cardiac muscle are found in?

Answer 29

intercalated disks which is the connection between cardiac and muscle cells

Question 30

the initiation of each action potential to start each cardiac cycle occurs automatically within the heart itself by?

Answer 30

the SA node located in right atrium

Question 31

the SA (sinoatrial) node acts as a?

Answer 31

pacemaker and is divided into three phases

Question 32

membrane potential in cardiac muscle cell | phase 0 is depolarization, what happens?

Answer 32

AP simulates myocytes to reach threshold causing the fast Na+ channels open Na+ influx

Question 33

membrane potential in cardiac muscle cell | phase 1 is initial repolarization, what happens?

Answer 33

Na+ channels inactivate and K+ channels open causing | K+ efflux

Question 34

membrane potential in cardiac muscle cell | phase 2 is plateau, what happens?

Answer 34

the Na+ influx from phase 0 causes Ca2+ channels to open, so Ca2+ influx K+ channels are still open so K+ efflux are balanced leading the equilibrium

Question 35

membrane potential in cardiac muscle cell | phase 3 is repolarization, what happens?

Answer 35

Ca2+ channels close but K+ remain open for K+ efflux

Question 36

membrane potential in cardiac muscle cell | phase 4 is resting membrane potential, what happens?

Answer 36

inward and outward are equal thus K+ closes

Question 37

the SA node spreads throughout the atria causing them to ?

Answer 37

contract and fill ventricles

Question 38

the SA node triggers the AV node which?

Answer 38

continues electrical impulse to the AV bundle (bundle of His)

Question 39

the AV bundles divided into what two sections?

Answer 39

left bundle branches and purkinje fibers

Question 40

why does the AV bundles divide into left bundle branches and purkinje fibers?

Answer 40

to allow impulse to spread rapidly and evenly over both ventricles

Question 41

what controls the SA node?

Answer 41

the vagnus nerve which the preganglionic axons of it synapose in the ganglia near the SA node

Question 42

what neurotransmitter is released by the vagus nerve to inhibit depolarization by binding to receptors on the cells of the SA node?

Answer 42

acetylcholine

Question 43

hemodynamics is?

Answer 43

the study of blood flow

Question 44

what is the driving force of blood flow?

Answer 44

difference in pressure from arteries to veins

Question 45

blood pressure is systemic arterial pressure is, this is the measurement of?

Answer 45

force per unit area exerted by blood upon the walls of arteries

Question 46

the typical bp is 120/80 where the numbers mean?

Answer 46

120mmHg is the systolic pressure which is the highest pressure that ever occurs in the circulatory system 80mmHg is the diastolic pressure which is the lowest pressure that ever occurs in the circulatory system

Question 47

what measures blood pressure?

Answer 47

sphygmomanometer

Question 48

local auto-regulation is the process known as?

Answer 48

when tissues in need of extra blood flow are able to requisition it themselves

Question 49

blood is composed of?

Answer 49

plasma and formed elements

Question 50

plasma accounts for 54% of blood volume is consists of what items?

Answer 50

electrolytes, buffers, sugars, blood proteins, lipoproteins, co2, o2, and metabolic waste

Question 51

buffers in the blood are there to? what is the primary one?

Answer 51

maintain a constant pH of 7.4 bicarbonate (HCO3-) via the reaction CO2+H2O=H2CO3=HCO3-+H+

Question 52

the electrolytes of the blood are?

Answer 52

sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium

Question 53

the blood protein, albumin is for?

Answer 53

maintenance of oncotic pressure which is the osmotic pressure in capillaries from plasma proteins

Question 54

the blood protein, immunoglobulins are for?

Answer 54

immune system

Question 55

the blood protein, fibrinogen is for?

Answer 55

blood clotting (hemostasis)

Question 56

lipoproteins of the blood are particles consisting of?

Answer 56

fats, cholesterol, and carrier proteins

Question 57

the main metabolic waste product of blood is?

Answer 57

urea which is essentially a carrier of excess nitrogen

Question 58

bilirubin is another blood waste product which is used for?

Answer 58

breakdown product of heme

Question 59

what is another term for RBC?

Answer 59

erythrocytes

Question 60

when centrifuged, the volume of blood that only has RBC is called the? and is what % of whole blood?

Answer 60

hematocrit - 45%

Question 61

what is another term for WBC?

Answer 61

leukocytes

Question 62

leukocytes and platelets make up what % of blood volume?

Answer 62

1%

Question 63

what hormone stimulates RBC production? and where does this production take place?

Answer 63

erythropoeitin (hormone from kidney) | production in the bone marrow

Question 64

RBC lack a mitochondria thus rely on what for ATP synthesis?

Answer 64

glycolysis

Question 65

the purpose of RBC are to?

Answer 65

transport o2 to tissues from the lungs and co2 from tissues back to the lungs

Question 66

what shape are typical RBC? why?

Answer 66

flat and biconcave to increase surface area of hemoglobins to bind to oxygen

Question 67

what is blood type based on?

Answer 67

presence or absence of specific antigens

Question 68

what are the two most important blood antigen groups?

Answer 68

ABO blood group | Rh blood group

Question 69

hemolytic disease of the newborn/erythroblastosis fetalis is when?

Answer 69

mother is Rh- and carrying a Rh+ baby

Question 70

a person with A+ blood will produce what type of antibodies?

Answer 70

anti-B antibodies so that it will clump and destroy B cells

Question 71

granulocytes are class of WBC including?

Answer 71

neutrophils, eosinphil, and basophil

Question 72

lymphocytes are class of WBC including?

Answer 72

T cells and B cells

Question 73

monocytes are class of WBC including?

Answer 73

macrophages

Question 74

what WBC is phagocytic to bacteria and creates pus?

Answer 74

neutrophils

Question 75

what WBC is the most abundant?

Answer 75

neutrophils

Question 76

what WBC destroys parasites and are modulators to allergic reactions?

Answer 76

eosinophils

Question 77

what WBC stores and releases histamine for allergic reactions and attracts other WBC to inflamed sites?

Answer 77

basophils

Question 78

what WBC is the rarest?

Answer 78

basophils

Question 79

what WBC mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies?

Answer 79

B cells

Question 80

what WBC control immunity and attack virus infected cells/tumor cells?

Answer 80

T cells

Question 81

what WBC is phagocytic to debris and microorganisms and activate lymphocytes (T and B cells)?

Answer 81

macrophages

Question 82

what WBC is the largest in size?

Answer 82

macrophages

Question 83

platelets are small fragments of what?

Answer 83

megakaryocytes, which are derived from thrombopoietin

Question 84

the purpose of platelets are to?

Answer 84

aggregate at site of damage to a blood vessel wall to for platelet plug to stop bleeding and activate other clotting factors

Question 85

when none of the four subunits of hemoglobin are bound to, what confirmation happens? and what is the affinity?

Answer 85

tense and has low affinity for o2 | when o2 does bind, it becomes relaxed and affinity increases

Question 86

hemoglobin binds oxygen cooperatively, meaning?

Answer 86

the confirmation change in one subunit, activates the affinity for other subunits to bind

Question 87

bohr effect happens when what factors stabilize tense hemoglobin and reduce oxygen affinity?

Answer 87

decreased pH, increase Pco2, and increased temperature

Question 88

what are the three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Answer 88

conversion of co2 to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and proton by carbonic anhydrase enzyme (73%) being stuck to hemoglobin by binding to other sites on the protein (20%) co2 is water soluble therefore dissolve in blood more so than o2 does (7%)